The Limitations Of 4G

The Limitations Of 4GAlthough the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are dormant limitations that must(prenominal) be addressed. integrity major limitation is operating area. Although interlocks are becoming much ubiquitous, there are still umpteen areas non served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not cosmos served well by existing radio receiver net profits. This limitation of todays networks exit tamp down over into future generations of tuner systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is prominent the general public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public must assimilate that although high-speed data communications go away be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet at to the lowest degree not at first. If measures are not taken now to refuse perception issues, 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointm ent associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If this were to happen, n all 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equipment selectd to implement a contiguous generation network is still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic.Some issue pass judgment with the implementation of 4G with threefold heterogeneous networks are issues such as glide path, handoff, muddle coordination, resource coordination to add young exploiters, swan for multicasting, support for quality of service, piano tuner security and authentication, network failure and backup, and pricing and billing.Network computer architectures will dally a key role in implementing the features required to address these issues. viable ARCHITECTURESOne of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to approach path some(prenominal) differen t mobile and wireless networks. Figure 1 shows three feasible architectures using a multimode device, an track network, or a common admission protocol.Multimode devicesOne configuration uses a single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access services on different wireless networks. Early examples of this architecture include the existing Advanced Mobile Ph one and only(a) System/ edict Division Multiple Access dual-function cell phone, Iridiums dual function satellite-cell phone, and the emerging Global System for Mobile telecommunications/Digital Enhanced Cordless magnetic pole dual-mode cordless phone. The multimode device architecture may improve call goal and expand effective coverage area. It should also provide reliable wireless coverage in case of network, link, or switch failure. The user, device, or network preempt initiate handoff betwixt networks. The device itself incorpo order most of the additional complexness without requiring wireless network mod ification or employing interworking devices. Each network can deploy a database that keeps track of user location, device capabilities, network conditions, and user preferences. The handling of quality-of-service (QoS) issues remains an open research question.Overlay networkIn this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of some(prenominal) universal access points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless network found on availability, QoS specifications, and userdefined choices. A UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, content adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users. The overlay Issues in network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to some other. A UAP stores user, network, and device information, capabilities, and preferences. Because UAPs can keep track of the various resources a caller uses, this architecture supports single billing and subscription.Common access protocolThis prot ocol becomes viable if wireless networks can support one or two standard access protocols. One possible solution, which will require interworking between different networks, uses wireless asynchronous transfer mode. To implement wireless ambiance, every wireless network must allow transmission of ATM cells with additional headers or wireless ATM cells requiring changes in the wireless networks. One or more types of satellite-based networks might use one protocol sequence one or more terrestrial wireless networks use another protocol.QUALITY OF SERVICESupporting QoS in 4G networks will be a major challenge due to varying bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. QoS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and network levels. Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely influen ces. Transaction-level QoS describes twain(prenominal) the time it takes to complete a transaction and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be timesensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss. Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for newfangled as well as existing calls. It depends primarily on a networks ability to establish and maintain the end-to-end circuit. Call routing and location worry are two important circuit-level attributes. User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new location may not support the minimum QoS needed, even with reconciling applications. In a complete wireless solution, the end-to-end communication between two users will likely involve multiple wireless networks. Because QoS will vary across different networks, the QoS for such users will likely be the minimum level these networks support.End-to-End QoSDevelopers need to do much more work to address end-to-end QoS. They may need to modify many existing QoS escapes, including admission control,dynamic resource reservation, and QoS renegotiation to support 4G users diverse QoS requirements. The overhead of implementing these QoS schemes at different levels requires careful evaluation. A wireless network could make its true QoS information available to all other wireless networks in either a distributed or centralized fashion so they can effectively use the available network resources. Additionally, deploying a global QoS scheme may support the diverse requirements of users with different mobility patterns. The effect of implementing a single QoS scheme across the networks instead of relying on each networks QoS scheme requires study.Handoff find outHandoff delay poses another important QoS-related issue in 4G wireless networks. Although likely to be smaller in intranetwork handoffs, the delay can be problematic in internetwork handoffs because of authentication procedures that require message exchange, multiple-database accesse s, and negotiation-renegotiation due to a significant diversion between needed and available QoS. During the handoff process, the user may experience a significant drop in QoS that will affect the performance of both upper-layer protocols and applications. Deploying a priority-based algorithm and using location-aware adaptive applications can reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability. When there is a potential for considerable variation between senders and receivers device capabilities, deploying a receiver-specific filter in part of the network close up to the source can effectively reduce the amount of traffic and processing, perhaps satisfying other users QoS needs. Although 4G wireless technology offers higher bit rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further research and development. It is not clear if existing 1G and 2G providers would get on to 3G or wait for it to evolve into 4G, completely bypassing 3G. The answer probably lies in the perceived demand for 3G and the ongoing improvement in 2G networks to meet user demands until 4G arrives.