British Airways “Flying into a Storm” Essay

psychiatric hospital 31. A brand new club steering 41.1- Major evolutions in the bodied strategy 4a) Several happy chance points in the polity statement 4b) Actions utilise 51.2- A less hatful-oriented leadership 7a) Before Ayling a unsafe exactly participative exertment 7b) After Aylings coming a worryment centred on administrative and financial object lenss 72. A failure payable to the negligence of triad key factors culture, leadership and twist 92.1- An contrary charge to BAs culture and identity 92.2- shilling Ayling an am indorsementious merely self-centered leader 112.3- A building which does non squ be tolerable with the participation 123. What should be Eddingtons chief(prenominal) concerns for the coming(prenominal)? 143.1- Increase the train of process give thanks to social system and culture 143.2- Maintain and correct cozy tackiness through a better confabulation 153.3- Go on improving rentability through organization and new values 15 proof 16IntroductionLondon, March 2000. The reign of bobber Ayling as tribal chief executive director director of the respiratory tract British Air pull offments (BA) is over. The crisis invents the economic difficulties the company has been experiencing for the last three geezerhood.In order to destine the outlines of our study, let us define in a few words BAs field of activity. As airline, BAs basic function is to carry passengers. This is a node attend indus provide, which implies that BA also supplies in-flight usefulnesss/products (various cabin classes, meal supplies, entertainment facilities) and out-flight-services (luggage retrieval, e-sale of tickets). This field of activity is characterized by a tough concurrence, a true(a) sensitivity to economic cycles, thin margins available as well as increasingly de worldding clients.In often(prenominal) a context, Bob Ayling didnt manage to master his strategic objectives. As one of Aylings predecessors raises it t he airlines strategy remained the right one but Mr Ayling was the wrong man to guide it. This comes d give to say that Ayling did non implement the strategy the right way. To which effect do we agree with this statement?We will outset examine the major miscellaneas that were operated in BAs strategy with Ayling. therefore we will try to rede why he didnt manage to implement alone his strategy and thus why he didnt object his objectives. To block with, we will look into what terminal Eddington should do after Bob Aylings dismissal to implement the strategy of the company.1. A brand new company management1.1- Major evolutions in the corporate strategya) Several jailbreak points in the policy statementSince Sir John faggot came over BA in 1981, strategic speeches followed each other, translating the leader priorities in a given environment. Nevertheless, we chiffonier easily nonice a change in chat of the corporate strategy with Aylings arrival.At the root of the 19 80s, nobleman superpowers orifice preoccupation was to deposit as long as he could BA a client service oriented company, with spirited standards of quality. He had to contain the company out of its public vault of heaven approach. altogether along his reign as the companys leader, and later inside master copy marshal too, the policy statement unplowed a concentrate on the guests without changing the priorities for 15 years.During Bob Aylings four years mandate as chief executive, yet really shorter than his predecessors, we gouge constitute three very different phases in the de none strategic choices. admit muchSwot Analysis of British AirwaysHis first concern when he came to power in 1996 was to make be cuts. He introduced the Business ability Programme in 1996, requiring the company to take heavy structural decisions that were -according to him- lively to en for sure BA competitiveness for the future. Costs reduction has always been a concern for BAs managers, b ut to put it on the pull in of the agenda was a new kind of strategic tidy sum.After that yearly quite painful period, he decided the company had to combine customer service excellence with cost competitiveness, with a target of doubling its in operation(p) margin during the next five years. This mix policy included concentrating on four key issues* Customers, by providing the full(prenominal)est levels of service and innovative products* tribe, with an ambitious target becoming the top hat managed company in the UK* Costs efficiency, by retentivity a high level of salaryability* New alliances (particularly with the Statesn Airlines), by using the potential of a global airline industry.This policy had the loss to divide the attention on several problems in opposition to King and Marshall management that kept condensesinged on one main objective. briefly after, Bob Ayling was confronted to a phenomenon of large strikes, and he decided to put nation back on BA top agenda. His predecessors used founding resources as a mean to carry out their target of a high customer service but Bob Ayling was obliged to take it as a whole stake.Finally, we can observe that Bob Aylings policy statement changed quite often infra the pressure of the environment such a occasion had never happened for the 15 years earlier his arrival.b) Actions implementedAudacious actions to assert BA as a leaderSoon after he had been nominated chief executive, Bob Ayling started to implement a large panel of audacious actions to assert BA as a world leader company. first of all of all, he dared to cut the top executive team from 25 to 14, to change its efficiency and limit its cost.One of his first concerns was an alliance with American Airlines, to ensure the devil companies to control 60 % of flights betwixt the UK and the US, the worlds most lucrative airlines routes.In 1997, he decided to make an identity change because the airline, carrying 60% of hostile passengers, had to show off as a citizen of the world rather than a national company. The challenge of the new visual identity consisted in weaken the British nature of the company and modernising it. He chose 50 ethnic designs from artists across the world.Bob Ayling also decided the acquisition of 43 new aircrafts, as well as the building of a new head office.In 1998, to face the emergence of low costs airlines and the increased competition on short haul routes, Bob Ayling decided to launch Go, its own figure airline.Later in 1999, he innovated over again with the concept of the Lounges in the slope, a high-standard new service, and some investment in e-commerce.Whatever are the results, we must concede that Bob Ayling did a lot on a short period to put BA as a world leader.An anticipative approach of cost competitivenessCost cut is a very unpopular practice. Consequently, managers usually do it only when it becomes an emergency. Bob Ayling did not take it like that. He anticipated the futu re and he kept an unwavering stance to impose the BEP measures while a record profit was announced for the year he sold sensible activities, relocated the method of grudgeing departmentHe asked for volunteers to leave the cockeyed not because he could not afford to pay them, but to replace them with flexible people having much than appropriate skills.At last he decided to concentrate BA strategy on high margins activities, and implemented a rationalisation program, pare down unprofitable routes and acrid excess capacity.This anticipative approach triggered the discernment of financial analysts, but the consequences inside the company were not so positive.A changing concern on HRUnlike his predecessors, he did not invest a lot in kind resources programs at the beginning of his mandate as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as he was too much involved in cost competitiveness. horizontaltually, people were affected by this low concern on them. The consequences were a decrease in the customer service level, and a grueling mobilisation for a strike.After those events, Bob Ayling was strain to re-involve the company in people matters. He promoted an intensive drive to swot up supply morale, actions to involve people in the company. He even decided, as a pendant to the construction of the head office, to build a hotel in Heathrow just for the rung.Bob Ayling set up many changes in the corporate strategy, but let us now see how his management behavior was different from his predecessors.1.2- A less people-oriented leadershipa) Before Ayling a severe but participative managementLord King decided to restart from discover in 1981, when he became the chief executive of BA, and he transformed the airline with Lord Marshall in fifteen years into one of the best carriers in the world.The twain leaders helped their employees to turn the corner of privatisation in 1987 they achieved to manage the change slowly. They started to instil a customer service culture into t he faculty with two large training programs, and always involved their people in the im fold upment of the airline. Those participative management methods made people proud to dress for BA.Thus, Lord Marshall fabricated a new human resources system, a kind of competency-based management, make on the promotion for the best employees. therefore, they had a real willing to do always better, and their chief executive progressively replaced the State as a strict but kindly father in their collective mind.Lord King and Lord Marshall always did what they said they were regarded as strong leaders, but they knew how to inspire the whole staff with confidence and how to command their respect. Withthat assert they could excuse that drastic maybe painful measures were the only content to improve BAs results and reputation.b) After Aylings coming a management centred on administrative and financial objectivesEveryone expected Robert Ayling to follow the footsteps of his predecessors. Ho wever, just before his taking over as chief executive, he clearly announced he would throw off for all time the attributes and attitudes of public sector. That simple first sentence is the figure of the big change in BAs management in 1996 Bob Ayling thought that people were defecate to accept all the constraints of a private company, in harm of adaptability and competitiveness. offshoot we can notice that Bob Ayling didnt take so many precautions in his declarations for example he at present announced in September 1996 that BA would replace 5000 employees by new recruits, supposed to be much efficient and flexible. He thought that internal training was not luxuriant competences were out of the firm. Eventually some people felt panic-struck by this new mint.Then, Bob Ayling decided an unexpected relooking of the aircrafts. That was an important symbol of what he intended to do make BA forget its British identity, to become an international carrier. At the same time, one of t he parts of Aylings Business Efficiency Plan interested the freezing of wages. As he took that kind of decisions without consulting the employees and their unions, cabin staff, which had the habit of being well treated, felt deceived and went on strike.During his reign, Bob Ayling was the only leader, he was supposed to earn the right solutions, he looked forward and his employees had to follow. He did not listen to them and seemed to believe that nobody could understand his long-term vision besides.This new leadership did not include the human resources and the culture in the decisions it was an economic management.These major changes in BAs management had unexpected impacts let us explain the reasons of Aylings failure.2. A failure due to the negligence of three key factors culture, leadership and grammatical construction2.1- An unsuitable management to BAs culture and identityThere is no denying that culture is often neglected in the field of firms and phone line in general. However, culture has to be considered as a real achiever key in so far as people aim to feel all right and involved to be efficient. If the gap in the midst of the firms culture (that is to say employees culture) and the top-managers vision is too deep, it leads to huge damages for either the firm, managers and employees as we are waiver to discover it in the case of BA.In the mid 1980s, BA was considered as a state-owned company with a dire reputation for customer service. Aylings two predecessors succeeded in turning it into a high-quality and cost-efficient company, voted from 1989 to 1996 worlds best airline in the independent Business Traveller refresh (voted airline to be avoided at all costs in 1980). way on marketing and innovation / technology, both King and Marshall hitherto put emphasis on human resources. They took care of people in the first place, involving and training employees (Putting People First and Managing People First), encouraging brains trusts and pu tting customers first. People were of course aware of that attention and were confident, unwavering and devoted.In 1996, Bob Ayling stepped up as chief executive with repugn and basis changes in mind. The sentence mentioned above he pronounced in one of his first speeches meant that the very first thing Ayling did was to attack the firm culture and identity, thus disturbing and chocking people unwillingly.In June 1997, Ayling praised a touch new visual identity supposed to be based on market research but that generated emotionally charged controversy. The change was radical symbols were simply scrapped (new design, new colours, new motto, denial of the psychological national belonging) as if it was possible to start from scratch with new company identity and culture.As strikes at once showed it, BAs culture was still one of a public sector company. Instead of trying to negotiate, Ayling harshly condemned strikers without taking in account this public sector company background. In spite of Aylings desire to eradicate Britishness from BA, employees and people in general (customers, the press, Margaret Thatcher) were not ready to accept it. Strikes were also the result of incomprehension from employees were the new salary scheme (part and divide of the efforts to reduce area costs) and the 60 million identity change uniform? Was it possible for employees to stay motivated and involved in BA under those conditions? Furthermore, 160 planes stayed with the Union flag instead of the new design in 1999 because BA lacked time to repaint it. The identity change was as a consequence first of all badly accepted and in humanitarian badly implemented.However, Ayling began to understand after the strikes the high necessity of human resources as part of cultural background in a customer-facing business. He launched a campaign to raise staff moral in October 1997 and started to think rough charge on people on the front-line through interviews and speeches praising co mmunication between management and staff. He built a hotel and developed a new concept for BAs headquarter (no permanent desk-space). Again, in 1999, an effective opinion survey was sent to all employees, results were alarming, and Ayling introduced training and wantal programmes.We can not say if the improvement of BAs results in 1999-2000 was linked to those efforts from Ayling concerning people but there is no denying that it was a little late anywayPeople had indeed a hard time with him, describing his management as a macho-management thats destroying peoples feeling for the airline, heavy(p) and intimidating. His vision of change was so ambitious (doing better and better, never enough for him) that he broke the firm culture and identity, introducing fear into staffs feelings and breaking confidence that staff had always shown to management, in cutting jobs and financial bonus with no evident reason (for employees) or restructuring top-management. He questioned and modified too much symbols, values, norms, he disturbed employees in destroying their marks. Ayling warrant himself in saying that he had a long-term vision and staff a day-to-day one, but he should at least comport better explained and taked around his decisions.It is however striking and surprising to notice that BAs culture and identity was about the same from BAs beginning to the start of Bob Aylings reign. Privatisation, higher competitiveness, globalisation do not seem to fork out modified anything. This can also explain why the gap between BAs culture and what Ayling valued was so deep.His new identity implementation may not have been irrelevant but just inadequate.2.2- Bob Ayling an ambitious but self-centred leaderLord Marshall explained in March 2000 that the airlines strategy remained the right one but that Mr Ayling was the wrong man to pull through it. We are going to study why below.Bob Ayling first give outt with BA in the early 1980s. He began working for the firm in 1 985 as legal director, became congregation managing director in 1993 and chief executive in January 1996. He was well-waited and had a rather good reputation. Following King and Marshall was quite challenging but he seemed to have strengths on his own such as strategic understanding, sharp mind, diplomatic skills or legal training.However, his first official act was to slim down the companys top executive team of 25 to 14. Again, in September 1999 this executive team was reduced from 14 to 6. Those measures were aimed at getting to a percentage point of unanimity quite fast. It can also be detect that at the end of Aylings reign, there is no realistic replenishment to him. Those two facts mean above all in our mind that Ayling can be considered as a narcissistic and authoritarian leader who destinys to wield as much power and decisions liberty as possible.It seems that he does and decides what he wants to without really thinking of all it involves and implies. As a consequence, he needs to change his mind often, and he forgets to focus on important things, he is distracted from the real job of keeping passengers on place (his attention is for example consumed by trips between the UK, Europe and America to settle an alliance with American Airlines) which is not a good thing at all for his believability.His credibility seems also to be affected by the gap between his speeches and his actions. He described for example his second objective for BA as improving customer service in a more demanding environment. Few months after this announcement, the Marketplace Performance whole (responsible for generating information on customer preferences and perceptions) was scrapped. In 1997, a task group was created and responsible for missions including that of getting the bedrock of customer service right but basics are supposed to be mastered if customer service belongs to the four main objectives specified one year ago. The same unordered thing can be noticed conce rning putting people first or not. Ayling pretends to put people first and a little bit later states he is going to put people first now.His credibility can also be damaged when he promises staff, concerning the value of their BAs share, we are never going back to that price again and when three months later the share loses 14p. He should not make promises on something he does not master.A leader needs of course to make decisions but needs also to listen to people and especially staff. Ayling thinks he takes employees in account in building a new hotel, create an open concept in the new headquarter but is it really what employees want and need? Several opinion surveys are mentioned but analysis or corrective measures do not seem to be done and taken, which doer that those surveys did not match their targets and resulted in losing time, money, frustrating staff and enabling managers to have good conscience.Ayling also wants people to do exactly what he wants them to People have got to be theyve got to do. Often worn thin, revealing an intensely ambitious and stubborn individual who is only happy when he gets his way. He is excessively exigent maybe with himself but also with others, he seems to be never satisfied and demands a constant improvement. Even when a good news is announced (BA second most prise company in Europe according to the Financial Time for example), Aylings ambition looms (he asks on the same days 5000 volunteers to leave the company), which reveals a huge lack of diplomatic skills.As a conclusion, we could say that Bob Ayling did not take enough people in account and that his vision was blurred by his ambition.2.3- A structure which does not square enough with the companyFirstly, actions on BAs structure did not agree to Aylings strategy.Indeed, the second objective of Ayling for building on BAs existing success was to improve customer service. However, his actions on the structure did not match with this objective. For example, Ayling sol d BAs in-flight catering operations, BAs ground fleet services, which were both pregnant aspects of BA customer service. By selling them, Ayling loosed any possibility of absolute the quality of this customer services. It was only after the strike of June 1997 that Ayling decided to set up a task force to ensure the airline gets the basics of customer service right. The words used clearly reflect a discrepancy with the initial objective. Thus, it appears that the structure did not emphasis enough the necessary development of customer service.Secondly, BAs structure did not favour employees effectiveness and involvement. As we already pointed it, BAs staff morale was at a time low. Employees needed to be motivated, to identify themselves to the company. The typically centralized structure of BA (the tasks of BAs board were not divided into many units) did not foster employees motivation and employees feeling of identification to the firm. Consequently, the structure did not seem ada pted to BAs culture.In the same way, the centralized structure of BA did not square with environment and activitys field environment is characterized with an natural sensitivity of airlines to economic cycles, which requires the necessity of reducing any risks the company could run, as well as a certain reactivity of the companies of this field. More and more demanding clients characterize the field of activity, what requires a non-negligible adaptability of the company to the market. In that context, BAs centralized structure did not facilitate the reduction of risks (compared to a more decentralized structure) and did not enable a great adaptability to the market. For these reasons, the structure did not match with the environment.Having analysed the reasons of Aylings management failure, we will now consider how Eddington should manage BA internal factors to implement the strategy.3. What should be Eddingtons main concerns for the future?It seems that Bob Ayling often tried to r each many objectives, which were not tout ensemble compatible. For example, he could not at the same time improve the level of service and constantly reduce costs.Now that he is gone, his successor has to focus on his strategy and on a few objectives, so that he can reach all of them before defining new ones. That room he probably will have to define some priorities between all his targets. He will also have to make sure they really are well matched so that they do not discharge each other.Rod Eddington claims that he wants to concentrate on people in the front-line, and to work hard with each level of responsibility. He seems to be certain that an airline is a very particular type of company, where quality of customer service is decisive.Let us see how he can work and which tools he can use to meet his objectives.3.1- Increase the level of service thanks to structure and cultureImproving quality of service means two things employing an obliging staff and making new fitting-out s in aircrafts.To achieve a high level of service, BA can use two main tools First of all, he can act on structure and organisation. BA could create for sheath a marketing department, which could play two roles studying clients satisfaction and dealing with complains and searching far in amount the likings of the customers to offer them what they expect. Thus, they will feel they really are BAs priority. Then, company culture could also help ambit objectives. If managers constantly praised the idea of the client king, everyone and especially front-line employees will take as an evidence that clients must be treated as stars. BA could also set up training programs so that everyone has the skills to deal with customers for instance languages trainings for front-line employees who have to be able to answer any question asked by a client, wherever he may come from.3.2- Maintain and improve internal cohesion through a better communicationAs Human Resources represent a precious asset fo r a company providing services, and especially for airlines for which the prestation is barely differentiating, BAs managers have decided to focus on their staff. Therefore, they will have to enhance internal cohesion, thanks to structure.Indeed, an internal communication department could be created in order to update and communicate to everyone decisions taken by the CEO and the executive committee. Thus, employees would maybe understand more easily where the company is going and would certainly feel more concerned with the objectives. We can not reach objectives that we are not aware of. Then BAs managers could use their speeches as a means to reach their objectives. If they let know while officially speaking (annual report, to journalists or directly to staff during trainings periods for example) that staffs well-being is on top of agenda, and if they prove to be themselves coherent in doing exactly what they promise, then they will probably enter a new era of social relationship s.3.3- Go on improving rentability through organization and new valuesSince BA has to hold back its margins, it will have to go on deliverance money. But as one of Bob Aylings former co-worker explains, all the free savings are already achieved at the beginning of the year 2000 it means that there are not many possibilities to cut purely costs any more. Thus, the challenge consists in finding new ways of saving money that would not injure service quality. Here again, structure can be used a new service could be created, that would immediately adapt tickets prices to demand if many seats have been sold for a flight, then prices should maybe increase. However, if a little part of available seats has been sold, then the prices should decrease until all seats are sold. Such an initiative would avoid half-empty flights, and would eventually lead to savings. Then a work could be done on internal culture an economy-awareness could be implemented, encouraging everyone in the company to m ake savings. For instance, managers could show the example in booking middle-class hotels instead of four-stars ones when they have to travel. At last, BA could go on focusing on rentable activities, providing higher margins, as for instance North Routes and First Class flights.ConclusionBritish Airways needed a charismatic leader Bob Ayling was just an economic manager. He overestimated the ability of his people to change the way they considered their company and their implication in its evolution.Although he had got indisputable skills to deal with external constraints and to anticipate the environment evolutions, he forgot to take in account the importance of internal factors, such as the firm history and what it involved.Rod Eddingtons first reaction as he came over was to emit his respect and his will to make BAs employees happy. It is very presumable that the new chief executive had drawn the lessons of his predecessors experience, and that he wanted to start from new bases .Maybe he is the right man for the job

The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives vs. Realists – Review

I intend to brushup The bush article of belief and the Iraq contend Neoconservatives vs. Realists by Brian C. Schmidt and Michael C. Williams. The reason for choosing this bind for survey is simply beca r let outine of its relevance today throughout the Middle East and how the the Statesn conflicting policy is drastically changing the dynamics of the world. Schmidt and Williams design the elements of the neocon crotch hair Doctrine to show the direct contrast between realists and neoconservatives. The authors use the shrub Doctrine as an anchor to demonstrate realists anti-war dioramas as the Bush Doctrine provided the key rationale for the Iraq War. This is the main theme of the paper and the authors testify this throughout the paper in a fascinating, enthralling fashion. The previously support neoconservative project has been fatally wounded through its invasion of Iraq. The Bush Doctrine does in fact represent an abrupt and unprecedented commove in Ameri nominate oppo sed policy. The get together States of America had been the intimately important nation in the entire world (land of opportunity), with its commodious military force and dominate economic position, but with this doctrine came a wave of unexpected anti-Americanism.Schmidt and Williams make reference to Morgenthau and his struggles to to convince American foreign policy officials of the dangers of conceptualizing the national inte quiet in universalistic moral terms. I agree with his mind-set that the Iraki invasion was national-suicide and bruised the image of America worldwide. His great deal that spreading democracy would result in disaster may drop been pessimistic but was completely accurate. American realists were right from the offset they believed that it was uncalled-for and counterproductive to invade Iraq. And in hindsight they were extremely correct.However they failed to steer America international from the road to war. If all the evidence was weak, vague, an d baseless , why did realists fail to twine the exoteric that the invasion would prove to be disastrous? This is what Schmidt and Williams set out to solve. One of the most chilling merely accurate quotes of the article is their recognition only taking flight at duskwhen most of the alter has already been done. It was important to publish these ideas to demonstrate how gullible the American ordinary (and even Congress) were in pursuit the Bush administration to war and to stop up that this aggressive strategy is never repeated.It was as well as important to publish this article to illustrate the future implications of the Iraqi war on the U. S foreign policy. Schmidt and Williams use different methods throughout the article to reach their conclusions. They state and treasure the arguments that realists adopted in tramp to defer America from invading Iraq. They also demonstrate the tactics used by neoconservatives to undermine and defeat realists in the lead up to the wa r in Iraq. The authors engage in these different methods to reach conclusions as to why realism ultimately failed in the Iraqi debate.The subjects in this article are visibly neoconservatives and realists. It is clear from this article that neoconservatives and realists portion out a very different outlook. One of the most accurate yet sombre quotes is As Mearsheimer sees it, realism quickly unravels the neoconservatives faulty logic and explains the real reality of the Iraq situation. This bid oppresses me as it was too late to materialize and represent against the decision to invade Iraq. The authors draw on John Ikenberry and his belief that terrorists can non be deterred because they are either willing to die for their cause or qualified to escape retaliation. This is a brilliant quote used by Schmidt and Williams in this article as it shows the apparent ruthlessness of these terrorists. They use elements of the Bush Doctrine to demonstrate the tactics used by neoconserva tives to persuade the American public towards supporting the invasion of Iraq. Drawing on these elements is a very intrigue technique and draws the reader in. The authors point out from the offset that the Bush Doctrines finis was for the United States to preserve its hegemonic position for the indefinite future. This is a brash statement demonstrates neoconservatives belief in a unipolar America.By referring to the Bush Doctrine in this article the authors demonstrate the idealistic notions of neoconservatives and their belief that America leadership as a prerequisite for an orderly and peaceful world. The authors use a brilliant quote to depict the neoconservatives ultimately naive and unipolar view that one-size fits all American hegemony is the only reliable defence against a breakdown of peace and international order. The authors cleverly reproduce a parable used by Mearsheimer Wilsonism with teeth which brilliantly depicts neoconservatives absolute belief in unilaterali sm and America being the sole superpower.It captured my attention as a reader drawing me in to the article. Schmidt and Williams make reference to Walts argument how can other states be comfortable and secure when U. S. decisions affect all of their interests, and when the United States is strong enough to act pretty much as it wishes? This is a brilliant magniloquence question which draws the reader in. Through the use of rhetoric question the authors emphasis their point that the United States do in fact pose a huge threat to the rest of the world. The authors use impeccable language to express their point that neoconservative and realist views are in direct contrast.Alliteration (p repetition) is used in the following censure which, in my doctrine as a reader, draws the audience in because of its spectacular and memorable effect Rather than a prescription for peace, as most realists maintain, neoconservatives view balance-of power politics as both unnecessary and a hindrance to achieving American national interests, while Americas preeminent position in the world obviates the need for traditional balance-of-power diplomacy. Schmidt and Williams state that realism lacks any view beyond narrowly strategic material calculation, narrowly pragmatic judgment, or pluralist competition. I agree with this statement, realists to carry a very pessimistic, strategic view. This is not suitable in modern politics due to globalization. In my opinion the major weakness of the article is that Schmidt and Williams fail to give a hearty resolution to the problem and how to restore Americas image afield and how to improve the future of the US foreign policy. In the conclusion Schmidt and Williams exact the all-important question can realism make its analytic positions politically powerful? In my opinion the answer is yes but only if realists groom their ideas to suit the modern world today.Traditional realism has most definitely surpassed, however, following the full failure of the Bush administration, realists will be called upon in order to guide the American foreign policy and restore its pride and atmosphere that took centuries to build. In my essay I reviewed the article The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War Neoconservatives vs. Realists by Brian C. Schmidt and Michael C. Williams. I decided to illustrate the main theme at the start of my essay and explained why I thought it was important that these ideas were published.I followed by explaining the authors methodology and described the basic results from their research. I proceeded by declaring the articles strengths and weaknesses, particularly focusing on the writing skills used by Schmidt and Williams. Finally, I reviewed the conclusion. I found this article particularly interesting and thought provoking. I have always been exposed to the heroic attributes of America because of the propaganda media broadcasted however, Brian C. Schmidt and Michael C. Williams illustrate a quite unbiased v iew of the nation and the possible future implications of the U. S foreign policy.

Cross Cultural Communication Essay

A country that was annexed by a nonher country is sure to wipe out exchange or been impacted culturally and in many other aspects. An splendid example of this could be the British India. India was ruled over by Britishers for closely 350 years. Therefore, many traits and systems in India today be derived from the time they were under the British rule. One of the most vivid illustrations of this is the schooling system and English as a medium language for teaching and learning. The number of English speakers in India is more than 125 million people (Indiaspeaks, 2010).Analyzing from the graph of Hofstedes peril cultural places of India and England, it is clear that twain countries rank closely in two dimensions which be Masculinity and Uncertainty Avoidance. In terms of masculinity, both countries peculiarly India, rank very closely to the neutral point. India scored 56 and join region scored 66. Even though India scored very close to the mid range, it actually is a very m asculine country specially in terms of displaying conquest and power (India, n.d.).However, India is also a country with ancient spiritual narration which involves richness of nuance and traditions that were shaped by its main religion i.e., Hinduism. This a great deal reigns in people from indulging in Masculine displays to the extent that they talent be inclined to (India, n.d.). As for Britain, it is considered a masculine culture. Nevertheless, there is confusion among foreigners as to how can English people value modesty and understatement and at the same time be tallly success driven (United Kingdom, n.d.). India scored 40 on Uncertainty Avoidance which means that the country has a medium low alternative for avoiding uncertainty.It is due to the perception that nothing has to be perfect nor has to go exactly as planned. Indians have very juicy tolerance for the unexpected and is welcomed as a break from monotony (India, n.d.). They imagine in the notion of ad skillfu lment and adaptation. Each situation or conundrum they face bequeath be handled and meditaten cargon of differently. Their behaviors be unremarkably influenced by circumstances. In this dimension the UK scored 35 which indicates that England has a low preference for avoiding uncertainty. According to Geert Hofstede, they atomic number 18 happy to make it up as they go along changing plan as new information comes to light. On the other hand, both countries do have interesting differences in their scores of Power Distance and Individuality.Power Distance is one(a) main dimension where both countries have largest difference which is 42. Indian scored 77 whereas the UK scored only 35. India is stringently a large power distant smart set where hierarchy is comprehended and accepted. In this kind of society, inequality and centralization of power prevail. Privileges and status symbols ar popular. People with no power or younger are not allowed to have a voice. Parents teach ch ildren obedience and children ought to treat parents with respect (Hofstede, n.d.) .Teachers are considered as gurus as well. An illustration of this can be seen from the ancient memoir of India where Gurus taught everything, right from faculty member to wisdom, to children and groomed them to be good human beings. In terms of business, subordinates are usually not consulted during decision-making. However, they expect to be told what to do. An grand boss is a benevolent autocrat or good stick (Hofstede, n.d.).The UK is a small power distance society. It is interesting to see Britain among one of the small power distance societies as Britain has a rich culture and heritage as well as the monarchy system where there are princes and princesses in the society. In small power distance manage Britain, inequalities are minimized. Parents and children treat one another as equals. Teachers are experts who transfer academic knowledge and not life virtues. An ideal boss is a resourceful democrat who consults his subordinates while making any decision.Another dimension where both countries differ greatly in terms of their scores is Individuality. It is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether peoples self-image is defined as I or We (Hofstede, n.d.). India scored 48, therefore, it is a collectivistic society whereas Britain scored 89 which makes it a clear individualistic society. In collectivistic society, there is a high preference for belonging where individuals are expected to act in amity with what other members of the group expect one to do. Behaviors and actions of people in this society are highly influenced by opinions of their family, relatives and members of their social network group. In contrast, in individualistic society, people are supposed to look after themselves and their locate family only (Hofstede, n.d.). British are highly private people, children are taught to look for themselves and m ake their own goals in life.The path to happiness is believed to be by means of personal fulfillment. Another interesting aspect of culture was looked into by Deborah Tannen who wrote a book called Languages and Linguistics where he explained a deep connection mingled with culture and languages and how both are interrelated. One aspect that Tannen stated in his book is about Crosscultural Miscommunication which is about rising and falling pitch contour. For English, rising intonation means questioning and falling intonation reveals inconsiderateness and indifference which are rude and impolite. Problem arises when business deal or agreement is to take place because this is the most crucial time when contracts are to be write and both parties definitely do not wish for anything to go wrong.However, just a drop of sound can change almost the social unit scenario. It shows that speakers of different cultural backgrounds develop systematically different conventions for using and s ee linguistic features (Tannen, 2005). Hence, it is very Copernican for everybody, especially those who work in the value field to recognize this difference and work towards improving it. The last important aspect from Tannens theory is High closeness and High considerateness. Since Indian society is a highly collectivistic society, it is a high involvement society as well. People in the same area will consider their neighbors as their family members. This stands true at the time of crisis people would assemblage and ask with concern about the story and offer suggestions and aid that they could provide.However, Britain is a private society where people are individualistic. They do not like to impose on other peoples business unless they are related or close to the person. Imposition can be interpreted as ill-mannered or rude in some circumstances. In conclusion, India and British are two completely different cultures that couldnt have had anything in common if British hadnt rule d India. Both countries adoptive and shared some of the good values and characteristics with each other change to the development of quality of life and relationship between both to prosper. Without Hofstedes dimensions and Tannens theories, cross cultural communication would still be nasty and this would hinder growth of business, tourism and cultural sectors of each and every country. denotationHofstede, G. (n.d.). Dimensions. In Geert Hofstede. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http//geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.htmlHofstede, G. (n.d.). What about India. In Geert Hofstede. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http//geert-hofstede.com/india.htmlHofstede, G. (n.d.). What about the UK? In Geert Hofstede. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http//geert-hofstede.com/united-kingdom.htmlIndiaspeak English is our 2nd language TNN. (2010, March 14). In The times of India. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from The Times of India website http//articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-14/india/28117934_1 _second-language-speakers-urdu(n.d.). HOFSTEDE Cultures And Organizations Software of the Mind Web log post. Retrieved from http//westwood.wikispaces.com/file/ cyclorama/Hofstede.pdfTannen, D. (2005). Interactional Sociolinguistics as a resource for Intercultural Pragmatics. In Intercultural Pragnlatics (Vols. 2-2, pp. 205-208). Walter de Gruyter.Tannen, D. (2006). Language and culture. An founding to Language and Linguistics, 345-347.View as multi-pages

As Long as You Love Me

Knowledge is Power. Learning is the most powerful tool in the world. The much you know the remedy you give-up the ghost along in the world. Un little you turn in a decent training business sectors give be scarce and you get out struggle for the rest of your biography trying to make ends meet. You dont book to be rich to survive, plainly you sure do need your training to digest ahead of the tax objet dart, hunger, and ending up out on the streets of the city. rearing is wonderful and with every turn of it you learn something interesting.Wiseacres is an example of how you throw out suspensor others by what you know, but overly learn from others. It keeps your mind combat-ready and on the ball As we age (and we all do) unless you keep your mind exerciseive you will rescue a poor quality of life. Knowledge keeps you live(a) and young. There Is also the knowledge of life. Some battalion who have never had the opportunity for a fine rearing can be wiser than the wh olenesss that have a good education because they have learned much from life the hard way .Education is wisdom and having an education and closing your eyes and meaning around you is the first-year turn to Ignorance of the mind, depositting paid for better Jobs Having a education will allow you a better chance of get a Job that pays a above Mullen wage. Many people who be making what Is labeled as PEANUTS Is because the employer is non paying you for what you know, but what you can do physically-youth these days need to know the consequences of not finishing towering school. School drops will attend is the Hard School of Knocks.Which is the bad experiences in life that will lead if you dont know. Ignorance which meaner not knowing will occur if you dont stimulate your mind with whats significant. To survive you must have knowledge and m superstary. thirtieth of these equal power. I am not guessing that all better people be smart, I know many educated people who eave no c ommon sense. There are many who can iterate formulas but cannot tell you one thing about LIFE in general. So you need both to survive in this world. I have always said if you dont live life, life will live you.Go to school. Get your lesson, do your very scoop out. Increase your skills and fertilize your whizs. The lone(prenominal) useless brain is the one in a Jar. Formal education, together with plenty of pass by the student can produce qualifications and credentials that are native for most types of better paying Jobs. You getting deduction meaner youre getting less salary. Do have a education that you will attain a good job remember their are people with the best education possible and still cant find a better Job than flipping burgers for a life.Its not wrong to animadvert that but there is more to it they think about what college you were n compared to someone else so Just think about It first. It Is very easy to explain Importance of education. No valet de chambre bei ngs are able to survive properly without education. By the meaner of education only ones potential can be used to make decision. Through education only one can make separate identity. It is most important in life like our basic need foods, clothe and shelter. With the ascendent we learnt how to interact with others, how to make friends because of education only.As I remember when my parents had enrolled my name in school not only I learnt the alphabets and numbers but also I made friends, interacted with them with teachers. With further development you were faced with the sense of rival and desire and other such emotions and feelings, you also learnt to control these emotions and feelings. And also teaches how to act in different situations. Education is not Just stricter teaching a person the basic academics, say computers, mathematics, geography or history education is a much larger term.If you want to find out the clash of education on any individuality, you better do an inten se mirror image to the ways of well-educated people and then compare them with an illiterate man. You would get a clear picture of the education and its accurate concept. Education is one of the important factors which formulate the persona of a person. Education is a tillable and beneficial factor in a persons life. It is everyones right to get. The training of a human mind is not complete without education.Only because of education a man are able to receive information from the external humanity, to notify him with erstwhile(prenominal) and receive all essential information concerning the present. When one travels around the world, one observes to what an extraordinary degree human nature is the same, whether in India or Australia, London, atomic number 63 or America. Conservative education makes independent thinking extremely complicated. If we are being educated merely to achieve distinction, to get a better Job, to be more efficient, to have wider domination over others, the n our lives will be shallow and empty.If we re being educated only to be scientists, to be scholars wedded to books, or specialists addicted to knowledge, then we shall be contribute to the destruction and misery of the world. We may be highly educated, but if we are without meaningful combination of thought and feeling, our lives are incomplete and clashing. Education develops a meaningful outlook on life. The individual are different but to accentuate the differences and to encourage the development of a definite type education is must. Education is not Just a matter of training the mind. raising makes for efficiency, but it does not baffle about completeness.Knowledge and efficiency are necessary, which brings up by education. Education should help us to discover lasting determine unfortunately, the present system of education is making us submissive, emotionless and deep thoughtless. Systems, whether educational or political, are not changed without explanation they are mo dify when there is a fundamental change in ourselves. The individual is of first importance, not the system and as long as the individual does not understand the total process of himself, no system can bring order and peace to the world.

Poor Liza Character in 20th Century Russian Literature Essay

It is no accident that the name that is attri howevered to the heroine in a number of Russian novels of the new-fangled eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is named after some derivation of the name Elizabeth. Karamzin is the runner to revere this name in his represent short(p) liza and it is this work that sets off a chain reaction that causes the occurrence of subsequent pillowcases in Russian belles-lettres. This geek reference disregard pick up aparticularly be found in works such as Pushkins butt of Spades, Griboyedovs agony from Wit, and even briefly in Gogols knackered Souls. At the metre that Karamzin published Poor liza, Russia had recently seen the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1741-1761) who compete a great section reference in shaping Russias indistinguishability and culture. Through a close reading of those Russian texts which include the Elizabeth eccentric person, an agreement of this names historic role in Russian literature butt be achieved and its par in all(a)els to the monarch that this name evokes. Before tracing the liza name in the Russian texts, it is important to better understand the character traits and lives of the empresses after whom this name takes.The more significant of these being Queen Elizabeth of Russia as it was non long after her reign that Karamzin wrote Poor Liza. Elizabeth was born to hammer I of Russia and Catherine I of Russia however due to the fact that her pa plights marriage was non publically acknowledged at the time of her birth, this would be a compass point used to challenge her legitimacy to the throne by political opponents (Antonov, 104).In her outward look, Elizabeth delighted everyone, with her extraordinary beauty and vivacity. She was commonly known as the hint beauty of the Russian Empire (Antonov, 104). Politically, Elizabeth was seen as the heroine of the Russian cause as was attributed to her, steady appreciation of Russian interests, and her determination to promote them a t all hazards (Rice, pg 121). Russia under Elizabeths run reasserted her power over foreign repression as the country had been under direction of a number of German favorites and contract from the West.It was upon her coronation that a royal decree was issued stating, the Russian people submit been groaning under the enemies of the Christian faith, but she has delivered them from the degrading foreign oppression (Antonov, 109). Elizabeth is as well re extremityed for championing the arts and scholarship through the vast playing periodding she poured into projects such as the capital of the Russian Federation State University, the Winter Palace, and the Imperial Academy of Arts (Antonov, 106). The count on of Elizabeth is as well as painted by her deep devotion to religion in that she disengaged some(prenominal) of the legislations that her beginner had make to limit the power of the church (Rice 149). In many federal agencys, Elizabeth I becomes the perfect root from whi ch the witness of the heroic Russian woman springs from as is later manifested in Russian Literature succeeding(a) her reign. The starting time time that Russian is introduced to the Liza character is in Karamzins Poor Liza which was published in 1792, chase Elizabeth Is rule.The main heroine, Lizas, characteristics can be attributed to those of Elizabeth herself. The first of these similarities can be found in some(prenominal) of the females fathers. Lizas father is expound as, a rather well-to-do settler, for he delight work, tilled the land well (Karamzin, 80). The hardworking nature of the father can to a fault be seen in the traits of Elizabeth Is father, ray of light the large whos restless work made Russia into an empire. However the greater illusion lies in the negative effects caused by each of the womens fathers endings. In Poor Liza, soon after Lizas fathers death, his married woman and daughter grew poorand they were forced to rent out their land for a pittanc e sum (Karamzin, 80). Similarly, after the death of Peter I, no royal court or noble house in Europe could allow a son to redress court to Elizabeth, as it would be seen as an unfriendly act to the Empress Anna (Coughlan, 59).The demoraliseing of stature for both Liza and Elizabeth made it difficult for both to find a modification husband. In Lizas case, lest she ends up connecting someone she does not love. When Erast and Liza be discussing the marriage arrangements that are being made for her to be conjoin to a savage boy and Erast asks if she would marry him instead, she says to him, but you can never be my husband I am a peasant little girl (Karamzin, 87). Since Elizabeth I was shunned from the royal courts after her fathers death and at the same time she could not marry below her so as not to lose the royal title, the empress died unmarried, as did Liza. However, this is not the only taked experience of the Russian heroines. Another parallel between the empress and Ka ramzins peasant girl can be found in their educational background. For a queen, Elizabeth I was considered lacking of the solid education needed for her role.This could mostly be blamed on Peter Is focus on state affairs and her mothers illiterateness and laissez-affair approach to her daughters studies (Antonov, 104). A comparable trait can be drawn in Liza, specifically when she is saying good-bye to Erast and she says, Oh Why do I not know how to read or write (Karamzin, 89). And so, both women were undereducated for the role they had come to fill, a ruler and a worried-sick lover. Taking a close-hauled look at Elizabeths and Lizas personalities it becomes evident that they share commonalities. For instance, when Karamzin first introduces his Liza character, he says that, to soothe her mother she tried to comprehend the grief in her heart and appear at ease and zippy (Karamzin 81). This gayness can be to a fault found in Elizabeth I as she was well known for her gaiety and pla yfulness as was evidences by the cross-dressing balls that she held at her court (Rice 136). Another example of their similar characters can be found in the virginal beauty and pious image created by both.Karamzin describes Liza as being a rare beauty (Karamzin, 80) and Elizabeth in her youth was as already mentioned the premier beauty of Russia in her day. It is as well as important to note the unmixedness in the aura created by Liza as she is unspoiled by the trivialities of risque-society. The color ovalbumin can be found in a number of images in connection with Liza, the first being the lilies of the valley which Liza sells at the market in Moscow (Karamzin, 81). These flowers are typically small and white in nature and by Christian are attributed to the tears of the Virgin Mary during the crucifixion of Christ, and so by having Liza the vendor of such flowers, she is placed into a heart-wellnessy and holy light (Krymow, 18).Another place in which the color white and purit y is shown in connection to Liza is when Erast visits her home and says, I am very tired. Would you have any fresh milk? (Karamzin 82). Liza, ran to the cellar, brought back a clean earthenware pot, washed it and dried it with a white towel, poured and handed the rubbish through the window (Karamzin 82). pull down when Liza falls in love she is described as having a , pure, and open heart (Karamzin, 85) and there are more images of purity and whiteness as is seen when the two lovers meet at night and, they embrace but chaste, shy Cynthia did not hide from them tooshie a cloud their embraces were pure and sinless. (Karamzin, 86).Karamzin also describes Liza through Erasts eyes as a shepherdess, again evoking an image of purity (Karamzin, 86). Even when Liza gives up her virginity to Erast, Karamzin still evokes images of purity when he says, uniform a lamb she submitted to his will in everything (Karamzin, 89). These holy referents in Karamzins Poor Liza, create a sacred image o ut of the Liza character which is similar to the character traits of Elizabeth I. Part of the rationality that the empress Elizabeth create so many churches was that at one point she was considering becoming a nun. For this reason The Convent was built and erected by her order (Bain, 138).She is also attributed to building the most number of churches as compared to any other Russian monarch, the most famous being the Smolny Catherdral (Bain, 138).In her ghostlike devotion, and her unmarried life lie some of the stronger parallels to Karamzins Liza character from which the spring the lineage of the Liza characters. sideline Poor Liza, other writers also began evoking the image of Elizabeth I in their writing. The next one being Griboyedovs in his Lizzie character in Woe from Wit. Again the Liza character, in this case being Lizzie, is painted as a picture of pure virginal beauty. Lizzies outer appearance is described by Molchalin on that points one thing Im thinking ofThese chee ks, these veins and allHave not yet seen the flush of love. (Griboyedov, IV.xii.4-6)In the last line, Mochalin especially points out the paleness of her skin which shows her virginity. Another similarity between Elizabeth I Liza, and Lizzie, is that they all reject or lovers who rank higher or equalise to them. Lizzie for example pushes away Molchalin when he tries to embrace her (Griboyedov, IV.xii.51-52) and instead loves someone of lower or equal rank So strange these people seem to beShe craves for him, he craves for me,And Im the only one whos scared of love,Barman Petrusha, my saccharineest dove. (Griboyedov, I.xiv.4-6)Lizzie also rejects Famusov when he corners her in the hall and embraces. She is base with him and shows little interest, despite his rank Its you whos frivolous, let go, will you?Compose yourself, obsolescent man.This is corresponds with the family relationship dynamics of Elizabeth I in that she was erstwhile betrothed to Prince Karl Augustus but he die d before they could be married(Coughlan, 23). Instead of seek a husband of equal stature, which proved difficult because she was not pleasurable in noble circles she pursued lovers in the military and service, eventually subsiding on a Ukrainian peasant in a church choir by the name Alexis Razumovsky (Coughlan, 59). Yet there are more similarities that can be traced between Elizabeth and Lizzies characters.Elizabeth Is rule was marked by the extravagant balls and events who would throw. On average, her weekly balls would host near 800 guests and she would also often throw smaller parties for her court members (Rice, 135). Lizzie, like Elizabeth, also enjoys a celebrations and parties. For this reason when she is speak with Sofia she reminds her, the holiday is coming Time for fun (Griboyedov, I.v.1). Lizzie is referring to the get together that will happen in the play as it will give her a chance to see her beloved Petrushka. Following Lizzies character, the Liza image carried o ver next to Pushkins work, Queen of Spades.The Lizaveta character in Queen of Spades is reminiscent of the young Elizabeth I who was less-traveled at the royal court. Lizaveta is first described to the reader as the kill of the house as she was always being sc seniored and blamed for everything (Pushkin, 348). This again evokes the sainted images created by Karamzin and Griboyedov. Particularly similar to the young queen is Lisaveta in the following passage She had a fixed salary, but it was never paid in full at the same time she was expected to dress like everyone else, that is, like the few. In society she played the most pitiable role. Everybody knew her, but nobody took any notice of her at the balls she danced only when an extra match was needed for a vis--vis. (Pushkin, 349) This image is similar to that of Elizabeth in that she had royal relationship and for this reason was expected to dress and act a certain way however she was not accepted by the society she was a par t of. In addition to the way in which the young Elizabeth aspect into society, Lisaveta is also similar to Elizabeth in her later age.When Elizabeth I was growing old she began having complications with her health that caused dizzy spells. She grew increasingly depressed and disallowed the word death to be talk in her presence (Antonov, 109). This antic can also be seen in the actions of Lizaveta in her interactions with Tomskii By the way, methinks she must be getting on, Princess Daria Petrovna? What do you stringent getting on? Tomskii answered absentmindedly. Shes been dead for these seven days. The young brothel keeper raised her head and signaled to him. He remembered the old Countess was never informed of the death of any of her contemporaries, and he bit his lip. (Pushkin, 345). In this instance the image of Elizabeth I gets somewhat muddled since it is unclear whether the countess disallows the subject of death to be brought up in front of her or if it is Lisaveta who does not like the idea.The old Countess herself mirrors Elizabeth I in that she cares a great deal about her outer appearance as the countess dressed in a fashion, strictly following the fashions of the 1770s, expense sightly as much time on and paying just as much attention to, her toilette as she had sixty years before (Pushking, 345). In similar fashion, Elizabeth I in her older age, had a monstrous collection of clothing, having owned 15,000 dresses and would change outfits two to six multiplication a day (sAntonov, 107). Like the young Elizabeth and Lisaveta, the countess did not quite fit into the society she was a part of, she participated in all the trivial events of high society life, dragging herself to balls, where she would sit in a corner, the guests, as they arrived, would go up to her bowing lowbut afterwards would pay no attention to her (Pushikin, 348).If the relationship between Lisaveta and the Countess is hike explored their dynamic can be seen as the countess being an old Elizabeth I and Lisaveta being the young Elizabeth I. Pushkin plays tricks on the reader with the images of Lisaveta and the countess. Perhaps the most striking example of this is that when Hermann is leaving the old Countesss house and he, pressed her cold, unresponsive hand, kissed her bowed head, and went out (Pushkin, 362). It is not transparent here whether Hermann had just kissed the Lisaveta or the dead countess, which could be done by Pushkin on purpose. Perhaps the reason for the two Elizabeth-like characters is so that the old one can have the young one avoid marrying a person of above or of her own class and instead marry down. This is because the marriage of the countess is what brings the countess the cursed secret she has to keep since the old count refused to pay her debts and she had to seek outside help(Pushkin, 342).For this reason, when the apparition of the old countess comes to Hermann, she tells him, I will forgive you my death under the condition that you marry my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna (Pushkin, 365) and so the Elizabeth I image is put forth by Lizaveta. The final image of the Liza character appears in Gogols Dead Souls, in the form of Manilovs wife Lizenka. Here the Elizabeth character is portrayed in a sickeningly sweet form. The relationship between Manilov and his wife are described as continuously feeding one other little tid-bits and candies. In the Lizenka character, Gogol is ultimately jab fun at the sentimentalist nature of the Liza character which can be contrived from Elizabeth Is own character.Gogol does not take Karmzins sentimentalist writing as true literature and for this reason names Karamzin in the following instance Nor were his colleauges a wit small to him in enlightenment. For instance, one of them made regular practice of reading Karamzin, another of conning the Moscow Gazette, and the third of never looking at a contain at all. (Gogol, 142) Here Gogol takes on a sarcastic tone in describing th e great works that the collegues indulge in. For this reason, Gogol choice of the diminutive form of Elizabeth, Lizenka is further support that her character her sweetie pie character is a parody to Karamzins Liza.This play on the the Liza character can be seen as a commentary on, Elizabeth Is character as she was described as kind and warm-hearted for the emotions sake alone (Rice, 135). Gogol sees this type of personality as unintelligent and makes fun of Lizenkas schooling which is somewhat similar to Elizabeth Is in that Lizenka only learned French, the piano, and housewifery (Gogol, 22). However, regardless of her schooling, Lizenka through her relationship with Manilov is in charge of the souls which is perhaps a view he takes on Elizabeth Is rule of the Russian people.By tracing the character traits and life events of Elizabeth I of Russia in Russian Literature following her rule, the increase of the heroine Liza becomes evident. Beginning with Karamzin who evokes many of th e holy and pure images that surround Elizabeth Is and as well as Gribodev who shows the virginal beauty of the empress in his writing. Their literature is then followed by Pushkin, who focuses more on the outcast member of society that Elizabeth I was growing up under her Cousin Annes rule. And so the Liza character, heroine of Russian literature is created in celebration to Elizabeth I only to be ridiculed by Gogol in his brief apostrophes to Karamzins cowcatcher work. So Lizas character becomes an enigma in Russian literature history in that it is unclear whether her name is ultimately venerated or ridiculed in the minds of the readers of these great works.Works CitedAntonov, B. I., and Kenneth MacInnes. Russian Tsars the Rurikids, the Romanovs. St. Petersburg Ivan Fedorov, 2005. Print.Coughlan, Robert. Elizabeth and Catherine Empresses of All the Russias. London Macdonald and Janes, 1975. Print.Gogol, Nikola Vasilevich, Constance Garnett, and Clifford Odets. Dead Souls. New York Modern Library, 1936. Print.Griboyedov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich. Aleksandr Griboedovs Woe from Wit A scuttlebutt and Translation. Lewiston, NY Edwin Mellen, 2005. Print.Karamzin, Nikola Mikhalovich, and Henry M. Nebel. Selected Prose of N.M. Karamzin. Evanston Northwestern UP, 1969. Print.Krymow, Vincenzina. Marys Flowers Gardens, Legends & Meditations. Cincinnati, OH St. Anthony Messenger, 1999. Print.Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich, and Paul Debreczeny. The Captains Daughter and Other Stories. London David Campbell, 1992. Print.Rice, Tamara Talbot. Elizabeth, Empress of Russia. New York Praeger, 1970. Print.

Customer LIfestyle and Behaviour

According to DC, it is key for local companies in Malaysia to accommodate a good understanding of the marketplace for their products and their tar put up customers out front engaging themselves in online retailing to ensure that they be able to induce more effective ND meet the requirements and expectations of their online stock customers (Deadline Chug AFAIK Hard, All. Kuwaiti, and Husbanding hive away Small, 2006) Demographic influences online consumer demeanour Demographic based on variables like years, gender, income and craft which tail influence consumer behavior dramatically. period Graph 1 Statistic for Malaysian Online obtain- mount up Sources http//humanities. Com. My/blob/online- obtain-statistics-in- Malaysia. HTML Graph 1 to a higher place shows the Malaysian online obtain which furbish uped by age. Statistic shows the highest rank is 26 socio- economical classs old to 30 years old because around of hem ar single and non-married nations and they l eave the ability to secure in online shop. However, the lowest rank of the age is 21 years old and downstairs because majorities ar students and they do non have financial to buy products and services instead of their financial is control by their p arnts. sexual practice human body 1 Percentages of gender in online obtain Sources http//UCLA. Com/business-hemline-shop-scenes tm_source=afterburner=feed= open+Kclau+ In perception of genders, statistic shows that males (56%) ar more active on online buy while the effeminates (44%) are catching up. This is because most of males are sensitive in technology gad rifles and they are better in purchasing convenience all-important(a) products. Whereas, females bribe products emotionally and individually, which means most of the time they procure clothes, shoes, bags, cosmetics etc. particularly females who are below 21 years old always obtain K-pop stuffs via online shop. Income mesa 1 Income in Malaysia Sources http//www. ac AcademiaedDueownload physical body in a higher place shows the average of MaMalaysianannual income. Nations who dupeed little than RMARMY000 pass on always bask online shopping because they lot look for cheaper products. However, the frequence of online shopping will decrease if the income increasing because they have ability to secure expensive and quality products employment Chart 1 Statistic for Malaysian Online Shopping maMalaysiahtHTMLigure above shows the statistic of online shopping.The statistic shows that top management executive always used to online shopping as they need to up-to-date for the new products, technologies and systems so that they basin earn the profit and reduce the cost. However, most of the retired and unemployed nations are laggards and they are non familiar to online shopping. Online buying behavior There are Top 6 Online shopping sites in Malaysia. However, each online shopping site has their own characteristics and specialty. LeLongmyMynd e Bay Malaysia are the most popular local auction in Malaysia that you stern hunt club for the cheapest price of gad flummoxs, DSDSSSLameras, computers and fashions.Customers also can look for discount and great straits in this website. ZaAzaleamyMynd LuLovelaceashion are the most well-known boutique websites that all(prenominal) customer loves to browse especially females because they can buy a lot of clothes, bags and shoes without shipping cost and either buyd items will send to house. SuSuperblyalaysia is backed by MaMaybugor shop luxury and quality products online at affordable cost. Whereas BeBustyorld is the online shop for cosmetics, fragrances, unclothe care, sop up up and health care.Table 2 Summary of Top 6 online websites (self-made) absolute frequency of Shopping Online Table 3 Frequency of Shopping Online Sources http//ssSSLaiApplobal. coComN/asAsiaxpress/ biography/1090 Chart 2 Frequency of Shopping Online Sources Self-made According to card 3 and chart 2, the highest percentage of frequency of shopping online is slightly at formerly a month (24%) and the lowest percentage of frequency of hopping online is more or less both day (1 This is because MaMalaysianre busy in their work and family and at that place are many raft who are still believe that the security still dangerous.Respondents barter for online Table 4. What respondents grease unrivaleds palms online http//ssSSLaiApplobal. coComN/asAsiaxpress/ chronicle/1090 Sources. Chart 3. Based on the tabularise 4 and chart 3, clothes and fashion accessories are the highest percentage which MaMalaysianill purchase online because there are many types of cheap clothes and they can shop around before purchase. ZaAzaleamyMys the example f clothes and fashion accessories website. realise 2 ZaAzaleamyMyources http//www. zaAzaleacoComy/YHowever, the lowest percentage of purchase online is white (major) appliances such as refrigerator because consumers pick out to see the quality of the appliances more than the price. If the quality of appliances is higher(prenominal) and the usage is long, consumers will afford to purchase if the price is not so expensive. Reasons of purchasing online Based on the pilot test, 73% of MaMalaysianre prefer to purchase clothes and fashion accessories because it is demoraliseing to find suitable clothes in a day and it is wasting of immimef they purchase via offline shopping.They can do near research like price, shipping cost, services and varieties of products from different website. Besides, 40% of MaMalaysianoves to purchase books from online because there are few books are not selling in Malaysia such as DuDeducefrom China. These books are recommended by every Chinese teacher but due to the low demand, these are not supply in Malaysia. So, MaMalaysianho are interested in these books only can purchase via online. Moreover, they will save their money as they will only direct and centralize on what they should purchase.Un like offline shopping, MaMalaysianill buy additional items instead of purchase their needs and wants such as physical stores that use the product placement and cut-rate sales to imbibe them to purchase items. In addition, there are 25% of the nations will purchase toys from online like minions, piupchucknd etc. Furthermore, 24% of MaMalaysianrefer to purchase medical supplies and cosmetics through online because some of the medical supplies and cosmetics difficult to purchase in Malaysia as they have not be approved by Malaysias government. environmental factor drives/discourages of online shoppingEnvironmental factor allow political (also includes legal) and social which will influence the online shopping. In Malaysia, there are some cyber laws to protect nations for example Digital Signature exemplify 1997, reckoner Crime Act 1997, The Copyright Act 1997, The Communication and Multimedia Act 1998 and The Electronic Government Activities Act 2007 (NiKnitmoMostgoGobmyMy2010). Th ose are positive influence to nations who are decided to have online purchasing. However, social cases have affected consumer bebehaviorhat there are negative incidents were happened for online purchasing.For example, nations fear of online purchasing because it is not security via online transaction, which means there will be spsparen your computer like personal data and placard number will be detected and stolen. Negative impact from the environmental factor will be hard to boost up Malaysias economic. Moreover, It is hard to identify the quality of the product like most of teenagers nowadays prefer to buy K-Pops albums, posters and so on through online and they feel angry and thwarted that the products that they purchased are not in good quality.Psychological factor drives/discourages of online shopping MaMoscowierarchy can be used to represent the psychological factors which developed by Abraham MaMoscown year 1943. MaMoscowierarchy shows the drives and discourages of online sh opping. form 3 MaMoscowierarchy Sources http//www. psPsychologicallycoComlblobide-and-seek/201205/our-hierarchy- needs MaMascotsierarchy is used because MaMalaysianeed to have a cheery and easy lifestyle. afterwards they know the needs and wants via online purchasing, they will ask for guard which is security in morality, family, health and resources.However, if they got the negative feedback from friends and family, they will not onuntiedo purchase products and services via online. Meaning, nations must go through first step which is physiological before they enter to other layers. China Demographic Age Figure 1 percentage of age purchase online Source http//www. fzFizzlingcoComnfo/view/2011 _6/1 51020438. htHTMLrom the graph we can see that 18-30 years old batch is the most percentage to choose online shopping, the age below 18 percentage is almost similar with age between 31 and 35. Ages at 36 above are less to choose online shopping.We also can see that age between 18 and 24 the percentage growth very fast. canonical this, we can now that in China, young people are more prefer online shopping than old people. Figure 2 percentage of income purchase online Source http//www. emNearsightedlycoComouurinalshtHTMLarArticled723343&sh0. FhFifthhe online purchase pigeonholing in China is more in low-income family. It is get 62. 9%. (Lower than CNCCNY000 per month) the middle incomes get 35. 5%. (Higher than CNCCNY000 but lower than CNCCNY0000 per month) and the high income family percentage lust 1. 6%). sexual practice Figure 3 Gender percentage of China online purchase. Source http//www. liLionfishcoComcnCNNeb/oversea_show. asAspsArArticled34279 From this graph, we can see that online purchase in China, male is more than female. It is have different with our traditional concept. The male to female ratio was 5. 4 4. 6, slightly more male consumers. Occupation Figure 4 Occupation percentage of online shopping Source http//www. liLionfishcoComcnCNNeb/oversea_ show. asAspsArArticled34279 For barter, student this group is get percentage 20. 4%. Technical, player and basic social worker almost get 39. %. However, the high level managers Just get 2. 2%. From there we can see that the distribution of Job, age, income is the akin. Education Figure 5 Education of online shopping From this graph, we can see that the education has negative kinship with the percentage of online shopping. The more education level higher, they will lesser online shopping. Online buying behavior There are a lot of online shoppers in China. that mainly market is share by around 9 marque of online shopping company. The first place for China online market is TmTamaleIt can get around 50. 8% market shares.And the minute place is JiJinglingIt can get around 17. 1% market shares. The third place is TeTangentIt can get around 5. 6% market shares. The details are as below Figure 6 market shares of China online sales Source http//www. chCinematographiccoCom836/china-on line-shopping-market- snapshot-for-q2sq013/ Frequency of item purchase online Figure 6 Frequency of purchase online in China Source http//www. reArchdiocesancoComtHTMLeport/2010/5970. htHTMLn China, most people online shopping are about twice to four times per month. And only 3. 8% people no shopping online experience.As this research, we can find that online shopping is very general in China Attitude Nowadays, online shopping becomes more and more popular in China. In these 10 years, more Chinese choose purchase online. Especially the young genesis, they refer purchase online than shopping at store. During the survey, there are 47. 4% people prefer online shopping, 40% have no carriage and 12. 6% people dislike online shopping. (ReRestheHerscoCom2013) Some of people who have online shopping experience worried about the quality of the product and the post purchase service.During the survey, around 55% people worried about the quality, and 27. 1% people worried about the post purch ase service. (ReRestheHerscoCom2013) So the most online shopping peoples attitude is choosing the famous online shopping website and good evaluate shopping store. Reasons of qualification purchases Price Online product is always cheaper than the one in shopping mall. It is because online shopping can save the capital for rent store, transportation, and so on. And there is no agent to deduct a percentage from a sum of money. So the price is always cheap for customers.Compare For online shopping website, there are thousands of stores for the customer, and every store has different products for customer to choose. So the consumer can easily to correspond the same product from different brand or store. It is better for consumer to make evaluation. Time Online shopping can save time for the people who do not have enough time for hopping. Shopping online Just clicks the mouse, and accordingly you can purchase what you want. It is fast and easy for you. Environmental and psychological a ffect online shopping Environmental In China, the environmental contaminant is a largish problem.The automobile exhaust is the one reason leads that. So the companies support the website for people shopping online. It can decline the pollution and make a orthomolecular life style. For the customer, they also prefer online shopping. The environmental pollution is mischievous for the health. hatful inhale hazardous substance can lead many types of disease. The bad weather lsalsoan lead less shopping for sell in store. merely online shopping will not have this kind problem. Whatever raining, snowing, or clouding outside, it will no effect of online shopping. For the company, it will keep the sale stabilized.For the online shopper, they can purchase their favorites product any time. So the environment can affect online shopping. Psychological Online shopping no needing use the real money, they commonly use the credit card to pay. The customers do not have the behavior pay the re al money, it will lead they have less cognizant of money, thus no control for purchase. For the online shopping ommanyit is an advantage thing. But for customers, they accustomed regret after purchase. In another hand, online shopping have toughie to show the product to the consumers.The visual stimulation also is a flush that leads more purchase behavior. People believe that the same effect of product will come to their own. Actually, different people suit for different things. simulate has standard stature, and beautiful face. But not all the consumer has that. So we can see that the psychological also a point to affect online shopping. lacquer Demographic influences online consumer behavior of Nipponese in terms of age, ncincomegender and occupation (KoKettlend Keller, 2012). Age In terms of age, Japanese are mostly made up of generation of middle-age group of people.From the statistic shown below, Japan might not encounter the same issue of aging like Singapore as the num ber of young-born generation is increasing and there is a pro for Japan to accelerate their economic transformation. Figure Average age of Japanese Source Ministry of Internal personal business and Communication Gender in Japan Figure Average Gender in Japan From the graph above, it is vivid that the women dominated the Japan nation, and then followed by men. There is about 25. 5 million of married pair which forms their family. Only a small part of people are in widow state.Disposable Income Figure Disposable income of Japanese families It is analyzed that a family with a working head-of-household had a gross income of Yen 562,094. It is notable that the steep extend in disposable income in December. This is due to the year-end bonuses that Japanese workers received. Occupation and Lifestyle There are six type of popular occupation in Japan which is teacher, fisherman, models, physical therapist, engineer and chef. Japanese people enjoy a high standard f living, and nearly 90% of the population consider themselves part of the middle class.However, many studies on happiness and gladness with life tend to find that Japanese people average comparatively low levels of life satisfaction and happiness. Japan Consumer Online Shopping Behavior Figure 1. 0 Frequency of online shopping in Japan Source http//ssSSLaiApplobal. coComN/asAsiaxpress/archives/1090 From the summary of the chart above, it can be identified that the online shopping behavior of Japanese is very active. 36% of the respondents will shop online for almost every week. The highest number of Japanese, about 18% will shop online for about once every two weeks.In general, Japanese online shopping is categorized as purchased online regularly as more of the people will be online shopping inwardly a month. Figure 2. 0 Frequency of items purchased online in Japan From the above chart, it can be analyzed that most of the Japanese like to purchase the clothes and fashion accessories by online shopping . This is due to the modern thinking and Y-generation style. The second preferred items that Japanese purchase online are pabulum and drinks. This includes the fast food restaurants as the people owdoodadsre very busy of their hectic life and work. After that, it is followed by books category.This includes the magazines, newspapers, e-books and so on. This is quite common among Japanese because they like translation pretty much. Meanwhile, stationeries and major appliances shared the same dividend of 5% respectively. Toys score the to the lowest degree for 4% because the parents are more likely to bring their children to buy the toys in shopping complex rather than online shopping. Reasons for Japanese to make such Purchases Generally, Japanese perceive online shopping to be convenience (71 %) and easy 29%), with 62% of the respondents claiming that online shopping is easier than shopping via offline catalogue and telephone (Freeze, 2000).In the pilot test survey, a questionnaire is distributed and the respondents are allowed to make more than one reasons of purchasing online. For Japanese, according to website of online shopping behavior in Asia(2013), 78% of the respondents indicated that secure payment facility and convenient payment methods are the driving force. This is because they are confident towards the money channel between bank and mobile phone which needs deidentificationhen they purchase online.From the website of online shopping behavior in Asia(2013) too, 86% of the respondents viewed that price and value is the most important factors because many times for conventional shopping they tend to spend a lot more than the required expenses like eating out and trtravelingFrom the analysis too, it can be identified that Japanese are really not concerned about the reputation of the website and customer service of the website. For 82% of them provide opinions that low delivery charges will be their major concern since some of he websites provide fre e shipping of they purchase till original amount of money (Freeze, 2000).Furthermore, Japanese are quite neutral towards the brisk transaction of the website. Plus, 70% of them are more focus towards promotional offers because they can find great deals everywhere, that made up for shipping and handling fees (Freeze, 2000). Environmental Factors Drives/Discourage Online Shopping Japan has always been perceived as one of the worlds healthiest societies. Japanese consumers are increasingly conscious of their health. Despite the issue of pollution ndNDegree of polluted of environmental factor, Hawkins and MoMotherboards010) mentioned that Japanese more likely to purchase online.Besides that, they would not have the problem of finding a parking place. This means that environmental consciousness has been emerging and results in active online shopping in Japan. A survey conducted last year by the global advertising federal agency J. Walter Thompson found that 51 percent of Japanese cons umers are more center on the environment(ScCoffmannd KaSankt al, 2010). The survey found that the Japanese will buy environmental friendly products in the next five years extensively.

Electronic Intelligence Versus Human Intelligence

It seems that nowadays volume pay excessively much attention to technical advance handsts that promote information and interpersonal confabulation. In The Poet and the Computer, Norman full cousins argues that the problem of applied science is non solely to be more productive and comfort satisfactory, more content, further how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive. check to Cousins, the truly problem of engine room is whether it incurs easier or harder for tender to know who they atomic number 18, to identify their genuinely problems.From my point of view, although applied science for each oneows good deal to live easily and efficiently, it fucknot inspire pluralitys imagination, nor can it enrich human spirit. Computers can help people access whole the information they desire-?new and old, however, as Cousins wrote, electronic brains can reduce the superfluity of defunct ends involved in vital research, nevertheless they cannot eliminate the lyssa and decay that come from the unexamined life. It is undeniable that computer made a spacious progress in human proficiency, but it also has limitations. mess cannot expect electronic brains to help them pr veritable(a)t failures, reflect failures n their lives. Electronic brains know how to return the profusion of dead end, but they never reflect those dead ends. Electronic brains are designed to provide the right answers. However, people should not only be satisfied with the results, but also the performance. In Chinese schools, teachers often tell students that failure is the mother of success, you should not be terrified of making mistakes, but you contract to learn something from failure, then to prevent it in the future. Therefore, solely depending on engine room can only solve issues at hand, being reflective and inconsiderate is the key for human society to make progress. Computers can provide strong to get people involved, but they do not identi fy with the corporeal meaning of the information and stories that they produced. Many people believe that computers can provide the correct answers in the most commodious way. However, some sentences computers cannot process and analyze information to assist people in better understanding.It can also lead to a dead-ended search in some way. Consequently, it is impossible to expect technology to answer the questions that people are filled with. Computer cannot replace human intelligence because technology serves as a medium to assist people in gaining information all over the world. How to further develop the information and to apply it in real lives are the main c erstrns that need human inputs. Even though technology helps people overcome the obstacles of time and space, it cannot tap into human emotional field.As Cousin states in his article, technology cannot connect a man to the things he has to be connected to-?the reality of pain in others the possibilities of creative growth n himself the memory of the race and the rights of the next generation. In a computerized time, technology allows people to keep in touch anywhere any time, thus many people consider that social media such as Faceable and chirrup are appropriate for communication. Many of them even have become attached to social networking. They spend hours looking through pictures, answering comments under each post, and chatting with different strangers.Because social networking is so distracting, people often forget to overstep in the most influential way, which is face-to-face communication. Faceable does affect face-to-face communication because it often takes the expression and emotion out of communication. The Joy of actual perceive someone is crying or laughing is being taken away. A person can put his or her pictures of smiling faces on Faceable, but can others feel his or her emotion alone through that characterisation? People will become gradually disconnected if they spend too mu ch time on social network rather than emotionally, personally connect with family and friends.In modern days, people tend to believe that they can automatically get pleasure and enjoyment whenever they want. However, humans need emotional companionship and face-to-face communication in order to experience others feelings and emotions. engine room has a prejudicious effect on humans because it gives people a perceive of accomplishment easily. People will indulge in the acceptability and then decrease the ability to think by themselves. The main reason for this is technology gives people the opportunity to find answers that others have found beforehand us.People will be satisfied with the answers that was already given instead of coming up with new ideas on their make. As Cousins states, The computer knows how to vanquish error, but before we lose ourselves in celebration of victory, we might reflect on the slap-up advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and dealings with it. Therefore, people should be aware that even though we are now able to access information rapidly and easily through the Internet than before, it is necessary for us to develop our have got thinking ability to meet different challenges.Without the process of struggle and dealing with difficulties, people will easily lose and forget the truths discovered by homeless. Once people start to solely rely on technology, the process of human society will move gradually slowly. Technology is a tool to help people perceive knowledge and people cannot simply rely on it to solve all kinds of problems. For instance, Google translation is useful software program for people to translate different languages. However, it can turn out to be a big problem if people use it in an ill-timed way. In my seminar class, our professor talked about a story, which was related to the technological translation.One of his students once used his mothers engage to write a paper, and then translated it into English by Googles translation. Unfortunately, Googles translation could only translate the paper word by word, so that every sentence in the paper was broken. Later on, the student admitted that he translated his paper through Google translation. From this example, it is generally believed that people cannot predominately rely on technology. People should keep a skeptical eye towards the information, which is provided by technology, and then disjoint the information into useful and useless categories.As Bacon said, If we begin tit certainties, we shall end in doubts but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties. Consequently, people should not be satisfied with the certain answers produced by technology. It is necessary for people to get rid of the strong feeling of self-achievement which technology directly provides. invigoration is not the extension of technology, thus the primary purpose o f technology should not be replacing human intelligence, but rather, facilitating human society progress. Technology will always serve as a tool for human intelligence no matter how powerful and strong it becomes.Because humans have their own brains, they can create their own reality through imagination. According to Cousin, The poet-?and I use the term to include all those who have reward for and speak to the human spirit-?can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity, hence safeguarding it. Cousin uses poet to represent humans own inventive thinking and creativity. He believes the human inputs should be kept as its buffer form. Therefore, it is important for humans to keep their own spirit and create their own reality, which technology can never replace.We are now experiencing a time when people are easily overwhelmed and distracted. It is generally considered that technology has a negative influence on humans imagination and creativity. It detac hes us from others pain and sorrow, and always spread a feeling of instant gratification. People should be able to use technology for facilitating themselves instead of replacing themselves.

Explain the importance of Curley’s Wife in the novel Essay

Plan* Symbols red lipstick* Not given a screamCurleys wife may seem an insignificant character because she has non even been given a name by Steinbeck. Her name suggests that she is zippo more than than one of Curleys possessions. When she low appears in the new, she is dressed up as if she is planning on going disclose into town, rather than however spending her day wandering around the facing pages. The image of her being a sex object is emphasised by the fact that Curley limits a boxing glove fulla Vaseline, for her benefit. However, Curleys wife is influential to the book as she characterises loneliness, the longing for the American dream, danger and sexism. Her appearances in the novel are extremely important at they change the entire mood of the scene in which she appears in.We see that the first time we are introduced to Curleys wife, she is heavily made up full, make up lips, red fingernails and red mules. The colour red figureises danger and sexiness, and the fact that she is wearying these items creates a sense of foreboding that she will be the cause of George and Lennies failure to achieve their dream of having their own plot of land. An new(prenominal)wise symbol is shown by the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off. This straightaway creates a sense of danger and doom in the readers mind due to the absence of light. However, we can see that the reason for Curleys wife being flirtatious is because she wants to get away from the loneliness that surrounds her.By flirting, it means she can communicate with other men who otherwise would not talk to her because they do not want any trouble with Curley. However, by being flirtatious, she actu ally increases the hostility of the other men on the ranch as they become suspicious. We can see that she tells Lennie I get lone(a)Aint I got the right to talk to nobody? However, she indeed explains the reason behind her flirtatious nature I cant talk to nobody but Curley. Else he ge ts mad. However, we actually see that the espousals between them is already starting to break down because Curley thinks that his wife is givin flimsy the eye.Curleys wife is also important as she conveys the free radical of sexism. We see that Curley, who keeps his hand soft for her, regards her as a sexual object. or else of showing any consideration towards his wife, Curley exactly wants to increase his sexual prowess. The only way in which Curleys wife can talk to other men is by dolling up. However, when she does this, they talk even less to her, parkway her behaviour further. Therefore, she remains excluded from everyone. We even see that Whit regards Susy higher than Curleys wife a laugh and hell of a nice plaza. This is a rare time when any woman in the novel is actually shown any kindness, and a complement.Curelys wife, as with many of the other characters, wants to live out the American dream Coulda been in the movies. It is this dream that drives and compels her to head for the hills on with her otherwise miserable life on the ranch. However, her sudden oddment shatters her only hope of being able to get away from ranch life, where she is clearly not happy. We can see that the shattering of her dream is mirror exactly by the death of Lennie, ending the dream for George and Candy. This shows that because she failed living the American dream, it is an ominous foreboding of the fate for George and Lennie.Curleys wife also plays an infixed part in the novel, as she plays crucial parts in ever-changing the mood of the scene. When she is first introduced, hope created by the arrival of Candy is wiped out and the reader gets an ominous warning, which is emphasised by Georges caution to Lennie you keep away from herjail bait. Furthermore, when Curleys wife arrives in chapter four, the turned on(p) mood created by wanting to achieve the American dream, changes to a more melancholy mood. We can see that because Curleys wife is lonely all the time, s he has turned into a spiteful and vicious person a jigaboo and a dum dum an a lousy ol sheep.