Surface Anatomy Organ Location

Surface Anatomy Assignment eighth November 2012 Lungs The lungs fleet from the diaphragm to just meagrely superior to the clavicles and lie against the ribs priorly and posteriorly. The tie-up of the lung is concave and fits over the convex bailiwick of the diaphragm. The narrow superior portion of the lung is called the f raze. The apices of the lungs extend or so three centimetres to a higher place the mesial third of the clavicles. The medial scrape up of the lung is called the hilum. The hilus of the lungs is through which the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels and brace enter and exit.Anteriorly, they lie at the take of the costal cartilages 3-4, which is at the level of T5-7. The deficient brinks of the lungs atomic number 18 T-6 mid-clavicular line, T-8 at the mid-axilla, and T-10 posteriorly. Each lung is contained and saved within a double-layered membrane called the pleural membrane. The superficial layer, known as the parietal pleura affects the prior(a) ma rgins of the lungs on either office. On the business, it is deep to the skillful side of the breastbone among the second and fourth costal cartilages inferiolaterally to the level of the deep scrape up of the ordinal obligation intercostal cartilage.On the oddfield, deep to the breastbone near the midline, inferiorly between the levels of costal cartilages 2 and 4, displaced laterally and more obliquely than go away side to a designate about 3 centimetres lateral to the left hand wing sternal clay sculptureline at the upper margin of the sixth costal cartilage. The space created by the lateral deviation of pleura and lung on the left side is termed the cardiac notch. Heart The sum of money rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the pectoral cavity in the mediastinum. An important and readily discernible landmark for the heart is the sternal angle.The sternal angle is the junction between the manubrium and the clay of the sternum, and corresponds to the s econd costal cartilage. The apex of the heart, which is formed by the tip of the left ventricle, rests on the diaphragm at the fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line, or 8-9 centimetres from the midsternal line. It is important to note that the apex is not the near superior part of of the heart. The humiliate proper(ip) corner of the heart is to is shew on the repair 6th or 7th sternocostal junction.The base of the heart is the most superior portion of the heart and is predominantly retrosternal, located between the 2nd and third costal spaces. Other margins of the heart accept the anterior place, which is deep to the sternum and the ribs, and the home(a) surface between the apex and and the right shore which rests on the diaphragm. Liver The colored is almost completely covered by visceral peritoneum. The greater part of the liver-colored lies under cover of the slumper ribs and their cartilages, besides in the epigastric fossa it comes in contact with the ab wall.The liver resides in the upper right quadrant of the group AB cavity. The exact pip of the liver varies gibe to the gravel of the torso. In the erect posture of the adult male, the edge of the liver projects about 1 centimetre infra the dismount margin of the right costal cartilages, and its inferior margin can often be felt in this situation if the ab wall is thin. In the supine spot the liver recedes above the margin of the ribs and cannot thusly be detected by the finger in the prone locating it waterfall forward and is then generally palpable in a patient with well-situated and lax abdominal walls.Its position varies with the respiratory movements during a deep inspiration it descends below the ribs in expiration it is raised. Pressure from without, as in tight lacing, by pack together the lower part of the chest, displaces the liver considerably, its anterior edge frequently extending as low as the crest of the ilium. Again its position varies greatly w ith the state of the venter and guts when these are empty the liver descends, when they are distended it is pushed upward. post The fend is found in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity.The crop of the stomach is constantly undergoing alteration it is modify by the particular phase of the mathematical process of gastric digestion, by the state of the skirt viscera, and by the amount and character of its contents. Its position also varies with that of the body so that it is unwieldy to indicate it on the surface with whatever degree of accuracy. The anterior surface of stomach is related to the left lobe of the liver, the anterior abdominal wall, and the distal transverse colon. The posterior surface of the stomach is related to the left side of the diaphragm, the spleen, the left kidney, and the pancreas.The greater curved shape of the stomach starts at the left of the heart and runs from the rise along the left border of the body and the inferior border of the py lorus. The lesser curvature starts at the right of the heart and runs a short distance along the right border of the body and the superior border of the pylorus. (Note Pylorus is the sphincter through which the stomach communicates with the duodenum. ) short temper The spleen is located in the left hypochondrium and lies between the 9th and eleventh ribs.The superior surface of the spleen is smooth and convex. It conforms to the concave surface of the diaphragm. Small and Large Intestines The coils of the small intestine lie mainly in the umbilical cord and hypogastric regions. The ascending colon passes upward through the right lumbar region, lateral to the right lateral line. The transverse colon crosses the abdominal cavity on the confines of the umbilical and epigastric regions, its lower border being on a level slightly above the umbilicus, its upper border just below the greater curvature of the stomach.The descending colon courses down through the left lumbar region, latera l to the left lateral line, as far as the iliac crest. Kidneys The polar kidneys are located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen. The kidneys sit between the lower levels of the thoracic spine and the upper regions of the lumbar spine. Specifically, the right kidney has its upper edge frigid the 11th thoracic spine and the lower edge of the 11th rib.Its lower edge is opposite the upper edges of L-3 spine and vertebral body and about 4 centimetres above the highest point of the crest of the ileum. The left kidney is usually 1. 25 centimetres higher, but being a particular longer than the right, its lower limit whitethorn not be quite that very much higher. The kidney is slightly lower in women and children than in men. Generally speaking, the left kidney is higher (highest border T-11 lowest border L-2) whereas the right kidney is lower (highest border T-12 lowest border L-3).The right kidney is also less enclosed by the rib cage, bec ause of the presence of right lobe of liver above it, therefore pushing it down. urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow organ that is situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubis. It sits in the musculature of the pelvic floor when empty. When full, or distended, it rises toward the umbilicus, carrying the peritoneal fold with it so as to leave a space of 2. 5 to 5 centimetres between it and the top of the pubis. In males it is directly anterior to the rectum in females it is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus.