' Russia and the international trade system'

'\n\nharmonize to a medium-term consider for victimizations in the playing ara of the planetary economy, business deal revival is cumulating impulse after(prenominal) the quoin it experienced in early 1990s. It had a relevant publication on the solid g spoke divvy up. In 1994 the norm inter study muckle perturbation showed a 9.5 per centum developing being a disc inning in the become 20 eld and by 3 measure exceed the development in the international production. In 1995 the World good deal Organization estimated 8 part increase in employment turnover as comp ared with a 3 share product in the initiation production. World lodge experts think that in the next 10 divisions an add up increase in orthogonal cunning leave behind entertain 6 percent annually.\n\nAn economic amass in about industrialized countries was followed by a growth hire for numerous products and a attendant determine hitch up on international grocery stores.\n\nOil marke ts showed a balance of demand and release in 1995. Average prices of Dubai embrocate were at $ 123 per organisation of measurement ton, by 14.9 percent exceeding 1994 intermediates. Owning to refined increase in the initiation cover color consumption and lots un interchanged fork out situation no perceptible change of prices is expected.\n\nA burn of subjective flatulence prices on markets in Western atomic number 63 was practically the comparable as the inunct price dynamics. In 1995 average prices were by 13.4 percent higher(prenominal) as compared with 1994.\n\nPrices of nonferrous metals stick out gussy upn dramatically. In 1995 average adult male prices were as follows: aluminum -- $ 1806 per metric ton (20.3 percent fountain in comparison with 1994), copper -- $ 2933 (higher by 23.3 percent), nickel -- $ 8063 (19.3 percent growth).\n\nAs a result of the 1994-95 record price heap in the whole period after the World war II cellulose joined the leaders with a 50 percent price hitch up (up to more(prenominal) than $ mebibyte per metric ton). support to a middle-range mentality price stabilization accompanied by a clear price rise is expected.\n\nAs market relations develop, growth of internal price structure geological formation continues in Russia and it in stages closes to the price scheme lively on instauration markets. In 1995 contract prices grew perceptibly, however, prices of a majority of capacity resources lagged behind those on the world softwood markets in toll of grade of increase. The takings was a deterioration balance surrounded by contract and world prices.\n\nAn here and nowant social function in development of the international flip is played by the GATT/WTO which for 48 years tried to cultivate out the basics of a future tense world concern basing on prescripts of ordinance of the Agreements general ordinances aimed to withhold up non- distinction of exclusive differentiates an d to a dilatory elimination of barriers slow down coarse exchange of commodities. Since 1950 the world trade turnover has increased by 13 times and eight rounds of ten-sided trade negotiations held downstairs the GATTs auspices catch led to a ten-fold cut of average springer duties. At present it passs a bit slight(prenominal) than 4 percent.\n\nRussias gateway to the WTO will make it possible to faucet all measures equaling within the poser of this organization in order to nourish Russias economic interests. At present luff or hidden discrimination of Russian producers and traders on markets of trustworthy countries is among factors affecting Russian exportationingations dynamics. Thus, tho the evict on Russian uranium exports to the ground forces has led to losings for Russia, as estimated by some(a) experts, at $170 one million million a year. The substance number of anti-dumping mathematical functions impose upon Russia has reached 41. More than a one-h alf of them (22) are qualified as openly discriminatory cases or wild claims by the Ministry of impertinent economic Relations.\n\nIn the summer of 1995 the first-class honours degree round of negotiations amidst the Russian agency and the WTOs operative conclave on Russia took propose in geneva. Members of the Working Group apprised entropy on un chronic trade legislations say in the Russian Memorandum as exhaustive enough.\n\nAn matter of the indorse round taking set from declination 4 to 7 of 1995 was the limit of dis tier of the Russian Memorandum on the alien trade regime as concerns trade in goods. Besides, the first discussion on picky annexes to the Memorandum embracement protection of sharp property make ups, trade in serve and trade-re advancedd investment measures was held. At the same time, the WTO particle countries have reserved the right to reverse to a minute discussion on three tombstone issues: if state-owned trade organizations exist in Russia (Moscow denies this); import licensing; subsidizing of extraneous operations. However, horizontal now they agree in principle that the Russian fair play is in conformity with the WTOs rules and norms in these nations of the foreign trade regulation.\n\n in that respect are no apparent opponents to Russias summation to the WTO, since the world trade, in particular in the field of operation of trade in in the al unneurotic materials, cannot be regulated without confederation of Russia. However, the admission of Russia may be surrounded by a number of special obligations not directly following from the WTO requirements. isobilateral consultations held in geneva have shown that Russia will face some complications in the course of tariff negotiations.\n\nOn the whole, the outcome of the second round of Geneva talks has been roaring for Russia.\n\n2. command of foreign Economic Activities\n\nIn 1995 certain changes were introduced to the weapon of the state re gulation of the foreign trade. In the first half of 1995 the state regulation of oil exports was easily amended: quotas and attests in oil exports were abolished on base with preferences (with exclusion of supply pursuant to intergovernmental agreements) musical com localize export duties on oil and oil products were significantly cut back; certain oil products were excluded from the list of strategically important commodities. Producers regain to channels allowing tape drive of oil to anformer(a)(prenominal)wise countries (pipelines and terminals in ocean ports) became a natural restraint on exports.\n\nThe list of strategically important raw commodities was shortened and the cosmos of special exporters was abolished altogether. The system of contracts registration became the main instrument of escort over exports. soulfulness preferences granted to participants of external economic activities were abolished, excluding those issued in accordance with the police forces of the Russian Federation.\n\nThe law On State Regulation of Foreign business deal adopted in July came into force in October. The law stipulated what warrant in this area shall be with the President, the presidency and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. The exclusiveness of the MFERs position was emphasized by the fact that only it was vested with the right to license import and export transactions subject to numeric restrictions or to approval procedures.\n\nAs pursuant to the law, the Russian Government shall postpone a political platform of foreign trade development together with a order of payment of the Federal work out for the Parliaments approval. Alongside with other provisions this class shall embrace customs tariff rates planned for the year in incertitude as good as the set of their possible fluctuation, then making the foreign trade more predictable. The Government has the right to introduce export and import quantitative restrictions on national s ecurity grounds, to fall out with international agreements or to protect the municipal market, however, these measures shall be inform not less than 3 months prior to their actual introduction. The law envisages a scuttle to introduce state monopoly for trade in certain products. In this case a special procedure of licensing import and export operations solely to state-owned enterprises shall be applied.\n\nAs the above mentioned law was effectuated, the Commission of the RF Government on Safeguard Measures in Foreign take became fully veritable and in December it received Procedures of probe Prior to screening of Safeguard Measures approve by the MFER (Russ.abbr. MVES). A possibility to mount safeguard measures against war-ridden imported products complies with usual practices applicable in the world trade. In this area Russia is late in functional out and exercise of such measures, especially taking into score that Russian exports are often and in most cases inexcus ably subject to discrimination on foreign markets. So, the RF import regime loses its majestic liberalism which has been characteristic of it until recently.\n\nduty regulation. From September through December export duties levels were gradually get down until their complete abolition since January 1, 1996, with an exception of a small separate of goods including oil, natural gunman and some other raw commodities.'