Essay on Managerial Ethics - 1603 Words

Managerial Ethics In today’s fast paced business world many managers face tough decisions when walking the thin line between what’s legal and what’s socially unacceptable. It is becoming more and more important for organisations to consider many more factors, especially ethically, other than maximising profits in order to be more competitive or even survive in today’s business arena. The first part of this essay will discuss managerial ethics[1] and the relevant concepts and theories that affect ethical decision making, such as the Utilitarian, Individualism, Moral rights approach theories, the social responsibility of organisations to stakeholders and their responses to social demands, with specific reference to a case study presenting†¦show more content†¦It is not illegal to sell solvents to young people, but is it ethical to do so when you as the manager/owner knew they where causing harm? Managers guide their ethical decision making using different approaches based on the norms and values. In this case, we can identify that the Mr Meek has been pursuing the Moral rights approach â€Å"which asserts that human beings have rights that cannot be taken away by anyone’s decision† (Samson and Daft, 2005, p.160). From a different aspect, the policeman Senior Sergeant Tony Bouchier, acting from the general legal environment perspective, has started a campaign concentrating community pressure to force Mr Meek to stop selling the solvents, is forcing the Individualism approach which is â€Å"asserting that acts are moral when they promote each individuals best long-term interests†, which are each of the children, the community, Mr Meek’s better garage reputation, â€Å"which ultimately leads to the greater good† (Samson and Daft, 2005, p.160). Different factors affect ethical decisions. Many believe that individual’s integrity is what individual use as the basis to make an ethical decision (Paine, 1994). It is more of a personal reflection based on beliefs, values and attitudes. There are three levels of personal moral development shown in the book Management by Samson and Daft. Mr Meek seems to fallShow MoreRelatedManagerial Ethics: Enron Case Study1392 Words   |  6 PagesNevertheless, we will use this example to discuss some of the issues in managerial ethics. Theoretical Frameworks There are a number of different theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to evaluate ethical decision-making in business. Most of these are loosely based on philosophical tradition, the thinking of Kant (deontological ethics) and Mill (utilitarianism) being the most important of the two. Deontological ethics rests on the idea that there are set rules that must be abided by underRead MoreSocial Responsibility and Managerial Ethics1527 Words   |  7 PagesTransilvania University of Brasov. Series VII: Social Sciences. Law, (52), 207-212. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Lin-Hi, Nick (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility: An Investment in Social Cooperation for Mutual Advantage, Wittenberg Center for Global Ethics Discussion Paper, 2008-6. Porter, M. E., Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92. Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter (2008). ManagementRead MoreChapter 1 M anagerial Accounting, the Business Organization, and Professional Ethics7756 Words   |  32 Pages |33 |39, 40, 42 |55 | |accounting information. | | | | | |LO2: Explain why ethics is important to management|A3 |37, 38 |47, 49, 40 |51, 55 | |accountants. | | | | Read MoreManaging Organizational Behavior And Management1720 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior is a complex issue which requires application of various managerial skills and competencies. In order for the management to be effective in carrying out its functions of controlling, leading, planning and organizing which more often than not involve the participation of the non-managerial staff, it needs to be effective in managing the behavior of its employees. Effective motivation of employees and observation of ethics in dealing with the staff greatly influences the effectiveness of theRead MoreEthical Challenges Faced By Mcdonald s1338 Words   |  6 PagesEthical challenges faced by McDonald’s Introduction Globalization and industrialization has influenced international business and ethics to consider a different approach to culture. There are certain perspectives to culture which demand change in the organizational and managerial functions. International companies today formulate separate business plans to strategically overcome cultural and ethical challenges in host countries. Globalization has internationally integrated the world with respectRead MoreManagerial Economics And Management Decisions By C. M. Birch1702 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction According to Managerial Economics and Management Decisions by C. M. Birch, Managerial Economics deals with understanding both internal and external factors within Micro- and Macro-economics. A company must be aware of not only their own sustainable capabilities, but also perform environmental scans to detect competitors and economic conditions. In the case of Samsung, many of these global factors played a substantial role in deciding the survivability rate of the company from succeedingRead MoreWhat Does Ethics Mean?987 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does Ethics mean? While there are many different meanings for ethics, one main meaning is, realistic assessments about the world that inform upon the grounding of normativity. Ethics focuses on the â€Å"right† and the â€Å"wrong.† Altruism theory is defined as a person acting from the motivation of principle or duty rather than from the motivation of any personal advantage (Page 45) and Deontology is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itselfRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper967 Words   |  4 PagesReporting Practices and Ethics Andy Hall HCS/405 August 30, 2011 Darrell Watts Reporting Practices and Ethics Proper, precise, and ethically sound financial management and reporting is required of all healthcare organizations. According to Wisconsin Government (1994), â€Å"agencies are required to have an effective financial management system as a condition of receiving federal funds. Federal and state rules and regulations establish several criteria that the financial systems of agencies receivingRead More Cost Accounting: Its role and ethical considerations Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesinformed judgements. The major areas of within the accounting are: Financial Accounting, Managerial Accounting/Cost Accounting and Auditing- Public Accounting Managerial accounting is concerned with the use of economic and financial information to plan and control the activities of an entity and to support the management in planning and decision-making process. Cost accounting is the subset of managerial accounting and it helps management in determination and accumulation of product, processRead MoreSelf Assessment1447 Words   |  6 Pageslesions learned from self assessment. We will observe of the influence of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) as a guiding force in setting ethical standards in the healthcare industry. This will lead us to discuss how our individual ethics influence our decision making. Lastly, a formulated strategy on enhancing future decision-making will be explained. Self-assessments of an individual’s abilities have proved to play a fundamental role in career-based decision making. Self-assessments

Those Books Were not Actually Bound in Human Skin

Any really old library accumulates many weird books in the course of its existence, and weird stories connected with them as well. Harvard University’s library is no exception, and the most interesting of all these stories of probably a rumor that three books at its disposal are bound in actual human skin. The story itself is not a new one – first it appeared in the Internet back in 2006, and was dedicated to three books kept in three separate libraries on the University’s campus. It, as expected, attracted a lot of attention from lovers of macabre details, but gradually died away. But about a month ago it surfaced again, and again produced an uproar – so much of it, that Harvard’s authorities decided to investigate the matter to finally find out whether there is any reality underneath this myth. Yes, up until now nobody knew for sure what these books were actually bound in. One cannot define the material by eye, and until recently there were no trustworthy techniques that would allow any definite conclusions. Thus, one of the books was subjected to a new method of identifying proteins developed in the last 20 years, and it was found that, alas, the macabre legend is simply a legend after all. The leather the cover was made of turned out to be rather trivial sheepskin. What makes this story more interesting is that the idea that it was bound in human skin was not by any means groundless – there is an inscription inside the book which quite unequivocally states that it was bound in the skin of Jonas Wright who was flayed alive by Wavuma (presumably an African tribe). Wright’s friend was given the book, the most prized of Wright’s possessions, and his skin to bind it, by Wavuma’s king. So either the sheep was named Jonas Wright, owned a book and was flayed alive by African tribesmen, or there is something else behind this story. Perhaps the book was originally really bound in the skin of hapless Mr. Wright and was later rebound (the books were costly in the past, and it was by far more logical to get it a new cover if it got damaged than throw it away). Or, perhaps, it is an age-old joke by somebody with a rather dark sense of humor – after all, black comedy wasn’t invented yesterday. We probably will never find out the truth, but what we know is clear – yet another grim but interesting mystery is replaced by boring facts. Perhaps two other books from Harvard’s library are really bound in human skin? The university’s officials don’t seem to be in a hurry to analyze them as well.

Anselm and Aquinas Argument Regarding God - 1678 Words

Anselm and Aquinas Argument Regarding God The article I am writing is about Anselm and Aquinas views on God’s existence and the different arguments trying to find out the same thing, does god exist? And if so what is he? The following will be a comparison about Anselm and Aquinas views on god. I mostly agree with Anselm on the topic of that if god were to exist that he would have to be greater than anything conceived. Although I think Aquinas argument that if everything has the possibility of not being, then at sometime nothing exists and there would be nothing now, and is too weak to have it worth my support. First I will explain the assumption of Anselm and Aquinas, and then evaluate the assumption of each. I will compare and†¦show more content†¦He is saying that god is the first to be created because he is the one that moves the mover, which moved the object. An example is the first to set wood on fire is god and God is the first fire. Quoting Aquinas notes â€Å"whatever lacks intelligence cannot move towards an end, unless it is directed by some being endowed with knowledge and intelligence, as the arrow is shot to its mark by the archer.† Here he points to the archer who aims his arrow towards a mark. The arrow does not arrive at its mark without some intelligence that has selected the arrow, placed it and then aimed and shot. Aquinas concludes, â€Å"Therefore some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end; and this being we call God.† This is what we know that is called Thomas Aquinas Five proofs of the existence of God, which were summarized together. Here are the examples I list below: First: The Argument from Motion. (Thomas argues that since everything that moves is moved by another, there must thereby exist an Unmoved Mover, 1st unmoved mover). Second: The Argument from Efficient Cause. (The sequence of causes which make up this universe must have a First Cause, 1st uncaused cause). Third: The Argument to Necessary Being. (Since all existent things depend upon other things for their existence, there must exist at least one thing that is not dependent and so is a Necessary Being). Fourth: The Argument from Gradation. (Since allShow MoreRelatedEssay On Anselm And Aquinas1413 Words   |  6 PagesAnselm and Aquinas on the Existence and Nature of God The great philosophers Anselm and Aquinas both endeavored to convince their peers through philosophical argument that the existence of God was irrefutable. In the process they made claims regarding the nature of God, concerning issues such as His character and being. Despite seeking to discover the same truth about God, Anselm and Aquinas approached the issue at hand in strikingly dissimilar ways. Anselm’s primary argument for God’s existenceRead MoreAnshelm ¬Ã‚ ¥s Proof of God ¬Ã‚ ¥s Existence1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe question about the existence of God or, more generally speaking, of a supernatural entity that steers the course of the world, is probably as old as humanity itself. Many great philosophers were concerned with this basic and yet so important question which remains to be a controversial issue to this day! In the following I will commit myself to the above-mentioned question by firstly reconstructing Anselm ´s proof of God ´s existence and sec ondly considering his position in the light of the critiqueRead MoreHume s Argument For The Idea Of Self Or Selfhood1567 Words   |  7 Pages Study Questions: Exam #3 Hume: Identity 1. 3. Hume’s argument for the idea of self or selfhood is that we are just a â€Å"bundle† of perceptions. Our perceptions and experiences are what make us, us. In simplistic terms, not one impression is constant; therefore, we are not one enduring self because our impressions are always changing. He uses the example of links in a chain; all different pieces making up one thing (Perry, 179-182). 2. Hume’s strict empiricism (theory that all knowledge is derivativeRead MoreKant s Ethical Theory Of Abortion Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pageseighteenth centuries, to the enduring morality debate over abortion. Setting the discussion regarding the morality and immorality of abortion within the Kantian ethics framework provides one with a view that transition from the frequently inflammatory pro-choice and anti-abortion discussion points and towards a deep lucid, philosophical argument of such a controversial topic. Kant’s ethical theory regarding the immorality of abortion highlights that every individual is endowed with some sense ofRead MoreEssay about Module 41422 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and evaluate the argument of St. Anselm for God’s existence. - One of the two Christian greats was St. Anselm. St. Anselm argued that a perfect being is necessary for existence. His argument is even prior to nature. St. Anselm thought it was impossible for anyone to reason about God or God’s existence without already believing in him. St. Anselm started the Ontological Argument based upon the nature of being. The Ontological Argument states that God is â€Å"the greatest beingRead MoreDoes God Exist1483 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Exist The question of God’s existence has lingered in the mind of man since the dawn of religion. The simple fact that billions of people consider themselves to have some allegiance to a deity means that this question deserves to be seriously considered. In this paper I will argue for the sake that God does exist and the reasons why. I will include many of the arguments found in our philosophy book and those covered in class as well as other subjects such as human suffering and the reasonsRead MoreDoes God Exist? The Existence Of God?1876 Words   |  8 PagesDoes God Exist? The existence of God is a question that has troubled and plagued mankind since it began to consider logic. Is there a God? How can we be sure that God exists? Can you prove to me that He is real? Does His existence, or lack thereof, make a significant difference? These loaded questions strike at the heart of human existence. But the real question is, can we answer any of them? These questions are answered in the arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas, Blaise Pascal and St. Anselm of CanterburyRead MoreThe Idea Of Being Present1324 Words   |  6 Pagestypically ascribed to God. It is defined as being present everywhere simultaneously. However, one aspect of this definition that is not as widely agreed upon as the rest of it is the idea of presence. What is it that philosophers’ mean when they refer to the presence of god. The idea of being ‘present’ is a very peculiar one. in the sense that to physical objects it simply describes an object being in some sort of confined region of space, however Per Anselm, when we apply this to a god, an all powerfulRead MoreDoes God Exist? Considering the Philosophy of Ernest Nagel from a First Person1530 Words   |  7 Pagesof the existence of God--the superlative being that philosophers have defined and dealt with for centuries. After reading the classic arguments of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, the contentious assertions of Ernest Nagel, and the compelling eyewitness accounts of Julian of Norwich, I have been introduced to some of the most revered and referenced arguments for and against Gods existence that have been put into text. All of them are well-thought and well-articulated arguments, but they have theirRead MoreUnderstanding Epistemology2009 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophy and socio-political change, using the character of Socrates i n his Dialogues to promote a vision of truth and servitude. Throughout the middle ages in Europe, philosophers and theologians focused on the connection between faith and reason, with Aquinas penning the ultimate field guide to this relationship in the Summa. In modern times, faith-based knowledge has been supplanted by empiricism and skepticism, with philosophers attempting to understand how they know and even whether they can know

Bio 156 lab 7 genetics - 916 Words

1. List whether the student was positive or negative for each characteristic and include whether the characteristic is dominant or recessive. (6 points) a. Blood type- O b. Widows peak- Negative, resessive. c. Free ear lobes- Positive, dominant. d. Tongue rolling- Positive, dominant. e. Hitchhikers thumb- Negative, dominant. f. Left thumb dominance- Negative, reseesive. g. Little finger bend- Positive, dominant. h. PTC taster- Negative, resessive. i. Mid-digit hair- Negative, recessive. j. Facial dimples- positive,dominant. k. Freckles- Positive, dominant. l. Cleft chin- negative, resseive. 2. Can the student tell from the blood type if the student is heterozygous or homozygous? Explain. (5 points) Yes, knowing your blood type would†¦show more content†¦11. From the hemophilia procedure: (4 points) a. XHXH,XHY,XhY,XHXh b. What is the probability of males having hemophilia? 50% c. How many females would have hemophilia? 25% d. How many carriers would there be? one 12. Explain why more males tend to suffer from X-linked disorders than females. (5 points) Males tend to suffer from X-linked disorder more often than females because females have more X chromosomes than males. 13. The student has a friend that knows the student is taking biology, and she is confused about her blood type. Her blood type is O, but her dad is A and her mother is B. She asks the student if it is possible for her parents to have a child that is O. Explain the answer to her. (5 points) It is possible and would mean that both of her parents have an O allele making their blood type AO and BO. Both O alleles were passed onto her making her blood type O. 14. In a flower garden, the gardener has purple and white pansies. He notices that a new pansy has sprouted. When it finally flowers, the pansy is lavender. Explain how this happened. (5 points) This would happen in a case incomplete dominance. The white pansies nor the purple ones genes dominated making a 50/50 offspring. 15. With a botanist friends help, the gardener decides to cross the lavender pansy with the white pansy. Will this result in any purple pansies? Explain. (5 points) 16. (Application) How might the information gained from thisShow MoreRelatedConjugation and Transposition in Escherichia Coli2748 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract The purpose of this experiment was to study the transfer of genetic information on plasmid F’lac by using Escherichia coli. Plasmid transfer was measured by using two different methods. The first one was by using selection and contraselection with three antibiotics: streptomycin(which was replaced by naladixic acid for the second part of the experiment),ampicillin and kanamycin and the second one by using a colour indicator ( X-gal). As significant results, the percentage of transfer forRead MoreModeling Of Engineering And Biomedical Sciences9738 Words   |  39 Pagesviable alternatives to time consuming and costly experimental means. Keywords: Boron nitride; nanofillers; finite element; density functional theory; molecular dynamics; Tersoff potential; hybrid nanostructures 1.0 Introduction Boron nitride (BN) is a lab-grown binary compound consisting of equal number of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) atoms. BN crystallizes either as a hexagonal layered structure or as a tetrahedral linked structure, similar to that of graphite and diamond respectively. Due to white colorRead MoreAp Psychology Review Packet12425 Words   |  50 PagesAcetylcholine:  neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory. 4.Achievement Motivation:  desire for accomplishment. 5.Achievement Test:  an exam designed to test what a person has earned. 6.Acoustic Encoding:  encoding of sound, especially words. 7.Acquisition:  the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. 8.Action Potential:  a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. 9.Activation Synthesis:  theory that REM sleep triggers neural firingRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesdiversiï ¬ ed global business †¢ Deliver more products of value †¢ Simplify GSK’s operating model Our 2010 numbers  £28.4bn Turnover 32.1p Earnings per share 53.9p Earnings per share before major restructuring 65p Dividend per share 6 5 7 1 Group sales 1 2 3 4 US Pharmaceuticals:  £7.6bn Europe Pharmaceuticals:  £6.5bn Consumer Healthcare:  £5.0bn Emerging Markets Pharmaceuticals:  £3.6bn Asia Paciï ¬ c/Japan Pharmaceuticals:  £3.1bn ViiV Healthcare:  £1.6bn 3 Where we do it GSK isRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesUNDER THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT 2 DIVISION A—AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE CHOICES 3 SEC. 100. PURPOSE; TABLE OF CONTENTS OF DIVISION; 1 4 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 5 (a) PURPOSE.— 6 (1) IN 7 GENERAL.—The purpose of this division is to provide affordable, quality health care for all †¢HR 3962 IH VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesbook that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author wouldRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesUsing the Case Studies Strategy Lenses The Exploring Strategy Website A Guide to Using the Video Material Exploring Strategy Teachers’ Workshops Teaching Notes for Student Work Assignments Case Study Teaching Notes 6 7 8 8 12 19 20 25 27 27 28 28 29 Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Introducing Strategy The Environment Strategic Capabilities Strategic Purpose Culture and Strategy Business Strategy Corporate Strategy and Diversification International Strategy Innovation

I Am a Small Girl in a Big World Looking for Recognition Free Essays

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REPORT Working in the office environment for three years, I had been experiencing the serious effect of Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS), as is exampled by a study in the UK which found that 75% of laptop users who used a laptop for four hours or more a day reported back pain. With the desire to have a thorough understanding, I have been motivated to have a research on this matter. OOS (also known as Repetitive Strain Injury) is simply a term used for a range of condition characterized by discomfort of pain in the muscles, tendons or other soft tissues (Harvey, S. We will write a custom essay sample on I Am a Small Girl in a Big World Looking for Recognition or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2002) p. 29). Symptoms of OOS could vary depending on the person, the site and severity of injury and the nature of the tasks undertaken. However, you should pay more attention to if you have several warning signs like pain, muscle weakness, swelling, numbness, restricted mobility of the joint or loss of function as you are likely in the early stage of OSS. Changes to workplace design and practices can alleviate or prevent the condition. In workplace, OOS covers numerous tasks that involve repetitive or forceful movement and/ or maintenance of constrained or awkward postures. OHS hazards could be recognized as poor work organization and workstation layout, badly designed computer hardware/ software and badly designed office furniture. Identifying the hazards, the best way to control the risks is to follow the safety procedures which might be to minimize repetitive tasks, take regular rest and stretch breaks or to maintain correct postures and vary them often and so on. Depending on your specific job nature, you could take different actions to better manage the symptoms. (Source: http://www. mydr. com. au/pain/office-ergonomics-workstation-comfort-and-safety) For the office workers, few people know that their job is ranked as the high-risk job. An Australian study conducted by Comcare, for example, surveyed 2,000 ACT government workers with alarming results. Of the 1,000 who participated, eight out of 10 respondents who had not claimed workers’ compensation had OOS symptoms and two out of 10 had severe symptoms, meaning, in other words, that they were in constant pain. For my specific case, dealing much with the paper work required me to spend lots of time keying in data, having the fixed posture and focusing my eyes at the same distance point for extended period of time. At the early time, I had no idea about the possible hazards and felt so comfortable with my work. However, my colleagues who had experienced the serious effects warned me about the injuries which result from inappropriate computer use. They could be posture-related injuries, overuse injuries of the upper limbs or eyestrain. As the result, several ways were suggested for the workstation comfort and safety. I found that the most efficient tips for the matter is that you should have a good posture (as illustrated in the below picture), your furniture should be adjustable and strict time limits break should be applied. To sum up, OOS could happen in all workplace, for all kind of occupations. Therefore, the safety procedures should always be followed and all the risks that can arise should be considered as the safer the workplace is, the more productive the work is. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Occupational Overuse Syndrome, viewed 23 May 2012, http://jobaccess. gov. au/Advice/Disability/pages/Occupational_Overuse_Synd. aspx 2. Ergonomics Australia, The continuing problem of OOS in the office, viewed 23 May 2012, http://ergonomics. uq. edu. u/eaol/phillips. pdf 3. Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS), viewed 29 May 2012, http://www. education. vic. gov. au/safe@work/modules/office/overuse. asp 4. Office ergonomics: workstation comfort and safety, viewed 30 May 2012, http://www. mydr. com. au/pain/office-ergonomics-workstation-comfort-and-safety 5. Workplace safety – overuse injuries, viewed 29 May 2012, http://www. betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Workplace_safety_overuse_injuries 6 . Dan Kaufman, The Hidden Plague, How to cite I Am a Small Girl in a Big World Looking for Recognition, Papers

Devolving Hr to Line Staff free essay sample

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment and management, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring,  performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. This is the reason why HR managers in some multinational companies are called people managers or people enablers and the process is called people management. The HR expert manages the relationship between fulfilling employee expectations and achieving the management purposes. The major goal of HRM is the development and management of knowledge, skills, creativity, attitude and talent with the use of the strategic and comprehensive approach. An effective HRM enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organizations goals and objectives. In an organization, there are line and staff authority. Authority is the right to make decisions, to direct the work of others, and to give orders. In management, we usually distinguish between line authority and staff authority. Line  authority  entitles a manager to direct the work of an employee. It is the employer-employee authority relationship that extends from top to bottom. A line manager directs the work of employees and makes certain decisions without consulting anyone. On the other hand, Staff authority gives the managers the authority to advise other managers or employees. They create staff authority functions to support, assist, advice, and generally to reduce some of the informational burdens that the line managers have. Line managers in many organizations also carry out activities that have traditionally fallen within the remit of HR such as providing coaching and guidance, undertaking performance appraisals and dealing with discipline and grievances. They also often carry out tasks such as recruitment and selection or pastoral care in conjunction with HR. Staff managers assist and advice line managers in accomplishing their basic goals. They do, however need to work in partnership with each other to be successful. The relationship between a staff manager has with a line manager is a staff manager can prescribe certain procedures in his specialist area. For example, he can develop and implement recruiting policies and procedures that are used across the organization. The line manager is expected to follow those organizational procedures unless he has a solid rationale for exceptions. Advantages In order to be able to discuss how the devolution of HRM functions to Line managers affect the capabilities of the staff, it is important to understand how the devolution happens and what are the arising conflicts from carrying out devolution are. Researchers suggests that the involvement of Line Managers in some HR decisions does have a favorable effect on the achievements of the organization as a whole as well as allowing the implementation of a corporate vision and strategy with a beneficial effect upon performance and upon employee motivation. There is further evidence to show that nowadays more than a half of larger organizations have moved towards the devolved model with a reduction in the size of HR departments and a change in HR function, as well as an increase in line managers’ responsibility. Providing responsibility of HR activities to the line managers to both public as well as private sectors is believed to have tighter the bond between line managers and employees with a prompter decision making speed and effective solution of any difficulties on workplace. This gives them a unique and specialized knowledge of day-to-day relationships with employees and an insight into some functions previously assumed to be the area of HR. The move towards devolution then simply highlights the importance of these ‘people skills’ in order to boost their integration into the line manager role. Besides, there are also other benefits from devolutions of HRM to line managers. Their people management skills will improve; they will become better at creating good teams, managing teamwork and interpersonal skills. This will in turn benefit the organization as a whole. Through devolution the line managers have gained the opportunity of directly affecting the motivation levels of their employees and, through devolution the line managers are also becoming faced with the challenges of motivating and leading the teams effectively. Moreover, line managers will see an increase in the importance and respect for their role as they take on more of the devolved functions and their job becomes more complex, and also as change within organizations increases with the complexity of modern working life. From the point of HR, line management involvement can allow the HR specialist to concentrate on their strategic approach. Overall, responses to HR challenges can be more immediate if it is handled by the line managers and can be more specific to location. HR will also benefit from the increased satisfaction from employees as it will allow them to build strategically more upon day-to-day improvements. Further studies shows that the advantages of devolution of HR functions to line managers with the provided evidence of positive effects of devolution with the research from 174 HR managers and also directors. They were asked to assess the changes over the years in overall responsibility, degree of integrations with other units and involvement in the organizational plan. They have found out that devolution had an overall positive effect from the respondents reported that devolution has led their HR unit being perceived more positively by line management than in non-develop organizations. They also report that an overall increased in HR responsibility and also better integration between Line Management. They conclude that HR is in fact better able to play the strategic role they were intended to play by the devolution. However, looking at the attitudes of the 40 line managers react towards the devolution of HR function and discovered a rather more mixed response. There were both negative and positives about the devolution. Positive aspect would be the willingness of the line management to take on both responsibility and also accountability for the new HR tasks, and also flexibility to approach as well as the keen to become involved. The respondents were successfully managing large numbers of employees, and taking a professional attitude to the new tasks, and not simply dismissing them as â€Å"soft† aspect of the job. They also saw HR in a positive light and, a source of help and support as well as seeing career benefits for taking on the new role. Disadvantages While line managers know their end of the operations, many companies obtain better result by assigning personnel matters to a human resources or HR employee or HR department. HR department often recruit, interview and hire new workers and manage employee payroll and benefits. It is tempting with a small company to devolve their HR functions to their line management, but handling personnel work to a line manager can burden his or her with too much extra works outside his or her area of expertise. In an organization, HR requires a specialized knowledge. While managers have a direct, front line connection with their employee, they lack the HR specific knowledge of their counterparts in the HR department. This can be particularly important in areas such as related to the legal and regulatory requirements and the rules and regulations of the organizations must follow. HR professionals have both educational and professional backgrounds that provide them with current information on issues that impact their organizations and the HR profession. Participation in industry groups like the Society for Human Resource Management, which offers certification to HR professionals, helps to ensure knowledge. With a HR department in charge of hiring, the company can expect to hire the type of workers they wants. The department examines the applicants, checks references and administers tests to determine whether the workers meet the qualifications. The department may ask line managers to assist in interviewing so that the HR can get feedback from the person who will be the applicants direct boss. The orientation of these new employees is best handled by human resources, particularly when it comes to explaining company policies. A line supervisor may have too narrow a view of company operations to handle much of what is covered in orientation. Besides that, there would be difficulties in relationships and communications between the line managers and the employees. The line manager may fear disputes with their staff regarding decisions made about performance, pay and career development. They may have be reluctant to take on role of learning facilitator, and personal personality clashes might occur during the employee training. Relationship between the employees and management may not be as neutral as is possible being with a dedicated public relation department. There can also be also assumptions on the part of HR that line managers are more technically competent and knowledgeable than they are in fact, and that the HR function can be picked up by simply doing the job. This can lead to a lack of training offered by senior management and hence to poor performance  in the future of the employee. Another problem, highlighted in a study by McConville of middle managers, was a lack of trust between middle and senior management which meant that the middle managers felt powerless to put forth any influence over higher levels of decision making. Another studies found in addition that there was evidence for poor leadership from HR and a low quality of advice given to line management. Training was also poor, with little ongoing development to help line management integrate personnel aspects into their role. Further tensions arose because of conflicts between line and HR over the precise lines drawn between their functions. Thus, the line management work load will increase with new responsibilities and the need to balance other demands of the job with new role. This can lead to dislike of HR and reluctance to get involved with HR work. Besides, heavy workloads and job pressure are major source of problem with devolution. Line manager would have time constraints and do not have the time to attend in full to ‘people management’ issues, rather than concentrating on the day-to-day job running of their department and solving problems as they appear. The shortage of time and consequent pressures upon line managers is particularly problematic in the public sector where there is added pressure from having to implement policies originating with government while also dealing with professional bodies’ standards, monitoring and also the increasing commercialization of the sector. Hence, HR and line management operate from a distinct viewpoints with different priorities, which can also lead to conflicts and problems. Line Managers are typically very involved in the day-to-day running of the department, reacting to issues as they arise. They dislike the need for staff to take time off for training and dislike the need to take such a personal viewpoint, perhaps dealing with their own problems with home life for example. The characteristic line management approach can mean less opportunity for staff development. While a separate HR department is focused upon learning and staff training, line managers have more than one focus, so, for example, if the department is short-staffed any training and development might be put to one side. There would be a pressure to deal with short-term problem rather than address the long-term solution. Conclusion First and foremost, the devolution of HR functions has both advantages and disadvantages. Handling complete HR responsibilities to line managers can be problematic as line managers really do not have the HR skills and the knowledge that is enough to handle the situation properly. Increasing workload may affect their everyday activities or regular job. To prevent this problem while making line manager more responsible for HR, area of responsibilities should be clearly stated. Precaution should be always taken to eliminate possible conflict. Therefore, HR department is needed into support of staff recruitment, staff training and orientations, and also the organizations rules and regulations that are needed in the organization.